In English that is often omitted, but you must not omit the ke. Place a comma before ke, to divide the sentences.
281. Mi ĉial ĝojas, ke mi estas Esperantisto. Ĉu vi sentas, ke mi eraras? Nia opinio estas (ni opinias) (It is-our-opinion, we think; ke tio estas ideo idiota. Kial vi supozas, ke tio ne estas ebla? Ŝi pretendas (claims), ke ŝi estas reĝidino. Mi divenas (guess), ke vi estas okjara.
Mi respektas lin tial, ke (because, for the reason that) li estas tre modesta. (Tial ke = a strong form of ĉar).
282. Tri gradoj de mar-malsano. (1) Mi kredas, ke mi mortas. (2) Mi scias, ke mi mortas. (3) Mi timas, ke mi ne mortas.
“Ĉu vi opinias, ke mi estas idioto?” “Tute ne! Tamen eble mi eraras.”
283. (a) Make sentences using ke after some of the words bedaŭr- (dir- flustr- ĝoj- instru- juĝ- kompren- konfes- konsent- leg- lern- memor- opini- plend- predik- pruv- rakont- respond- rev- ripet- sci- sent- skrib- sonĝ- telefon- telegraf‑)as. Do not forget the comma.
(b) Complete the following sentences. Ne forgesu, ke … Memoru, ke … Ne respondu, ke … Kredu al mi, ke … Li ofte asertas, ke … Kial vi supozas, ke … Ĉu vi do timas, ke …? Ĉu vi vere suspektas, ke …?
That
284. This English word has many meanings, and must be translated accordingly. He says about that, that that “that” that is in your essay is wrong, Li diras pri tio, ke tiu “that”, kiu estas en via eseo, estas malĝusta.
285. She says (that) he is rich, but for-some-reason I do not suppose (that) that is true. Tell him (that) I am not a man of-that-kind. I feel (that) you are wrong on that matter. She asserts (that) she is right about that question. Do not believe that all that is in that book ts true. That proves the earth is round.
«Ke jes», «ke ne»
286. The translation of ke jes, ke ne, depends on the context.
Ĉu li estas tie? (Mi kredas, ke jes, I believe he is, I think so. Mi supozas, ke ne, I suppose he isn’t. I suppose not).
Ĉu vi komprenas? (Mi timas, ke ne, I’m afraid not. I fear I don’t. Mi scias, ke jes, I know I do).
287. Write similar questions and answers, using ke jes, ke ne, after some of the verbs asert-(bedaŭr- dir- esper- ĝoj- insist- konfes- konsent- kred- opini- ripet- sci- skrib- supoz- suspekt- telefon- tim- vid‑)as (Compare 104–105).
Note on Prepositions
288. Al, apud, de, dum, en, inter, kun, por, pri, sen, sub, super, sur, tra, trans, are prepositions (96).
289. In English conversation we often end a sentence with a preposition, thus: “What are you sitting on?” “Whom are you thinking of?”[32] — in spite of the famous rule “A preposition is a word you must not end a sentence with”! But in Esperanto you may NOT do this. Write, therefore: “Sur kio vi sidas?” “Pri kiu vi pensas?”.
290. Translate these questions and answer them. What are you complaining of? Which town do you come from? What are we reading through? What are we fighting for? What is your money in? Whom are you sitting near? What are you doubtful about? Whom are you waiting for? What does an apple grow on? Whom are you writing to? What are you talking about? Whom are you dreaming of?
“Subject” and “Object”
291. Most sentences contain
(1) a SUBJECT (the thing or person we are talking about) and
(2) a VERB (which says what the subject is or does).
Thus, in la suno brilas, and li staras tie, la suno is the subject of the verb brilas, and li is the subject of the verb staras. The answer to What? Who? asked before a verb, is the subject of the sentence. What shines? (la suno). Who stands? (li).
292. Usually the subject comes before the verb. But it need not do so (20, 23). One may say, for example, Brilas la suno. Tie staras li.
293. Name the subject and the verb in sentences from previous lessons.
294. If you say I see, I love, we naturally ask: You see (love) what (or, whom)? The answer to What? Whom? asked after a verb, is the OBJECT of that verb. Thus, in the sentences Tom loves me, Tom loves music, the words me and music are objects of the verb loves — they answer the questions “Loves whom?” “Loves what?” — they name the objects loved by the subject Tom. The SUBJECT does the action: the OBJECT is that to which the action is directed.
The Ending «-n»
The Ending «-n»: Pronouns
295. When the words I, thou, he, she, we, they, who, are objects of a verb, English changes them to me, thee, him, her, us, them, whom. Thus: I see him; he sees me. We see them; they see us. (It and you, however, remain unchanged).[33]
296. Esperanto shows the object of a verb by the letter -N (called the “accusative” ending). Thus: min, vin, lin, ŝin, ĝin, nin, ilin, kiun.[34]
• Li vidas ilin, He sees them.
• Ili vidas lin, They see him.
• Kiun ili vidas? Whom do they see (They see whom)?
Here the “m” in them, him, whom, corresponds to the “n” in ilin, lin, kiun.
297. Kiu helpas vin? Who helps you? Kiun vi helpas? Whom are you helping? Knabo, kiu konas[35] lin, a boy who knows him. Knabo, kiun li konas, a boy whom he knows. Libro, kiun (which, that) mi legas (159).
298. The answer to Kiu? is the subject, and cannot take the letter n. The answer to Kiun? is the object, and takes the letter n. Kiu amas? (mi). Amas kiun? (vin) (294).
[32]
Even
[33]
So also if they are the object of a preposition; but in this case Esperanto makes
[34]
Why have an accusative form? It is found in many languages. Its disuse would introduce difficulties. It removes ambiguities. By freeing the word-order it makes the language flexible (356, 586, 845, 944b). Without it, for example, such a translation as
[35]
SCI, KON. Scias =
Use sci for a thing, but not for a person. Do not use kon before ĉu, ke, or a k-word. Mi scias, ke … Mi scias kial. Mi ne scias, ĉu mi konas vin. Ĉu vi konas John Peel? Of Esperanto one may say Li konas ĝin, sed li ne scias ĝin.