4. On the relatively neglected suburban railway lines, see J. N. Westwood, A History of Russian Railways (London, 1964), 45–50. Long-distance routes were of course prioritized because of their economic and military significance.
5. Bulgarin edited Severnaia pchela, the first privately owned newspaper in Russia and the first periodical to aim at a Russian “middle-class” audience. But he also “acquired notoriety as a police spy, a master of intrigue, and the progenitor of the Russian sensational press”: N. Schleifman, “A Russian Daily Newspaper and Its New Readership: Severnaia pchela, 1825–1840,” Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique 28 (1987), 127.
6. F. Bulgarin, “Dachi,” Severnaia pchela, 9 Aug. 1837, 703.
7. On the Russian cult of antiquity in this period, see the work of Iurii Lotman, notably “The Theater and Theatricality as Components of Early Nineteenth-Century Culture,” trans. G. s. Smith, in Iu. M. Lotman and B. A. Uspenskii, The Semiotics of Russian Culture, ed. A. Shukrnan (Ann Arbor, 1984), esp. 143–44.
8. N. Kukol’nik, “Villa,” Khudozhestvennaia gazeta, nos. 11–12 (1837), 185.
9. See, e.g., Skol’ko let, skol’ko zim! ili Peterburgskie vremena (St. Petersburg, 1849). The dacha fashion was given ample coverage in the early 1840s on the pages of Severnaia pchela, which is the best single guide to Petersburg commonplaces of the time.
10. Grech, Ves’ Peterburg, 176–77.
11. These examples are taken from SPb ved in 1839.
12. P. Furmann, Entsiklopediia russkogo gorodskogo i sel’skogo khoziaina-arkhitektora, 3 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1842), vol. 1. Besides Furmann’s extensive selection of designs, note K. Shreider, Sobranie risunkov sadovykh i domovykh ukrashenii i vsiakikh prinadlezhnostei sego roda (St. Petersburg, 1842).
13. Furmann, Entsiklopediia, ix, 34.
14. Weidlé is quoted in E.A. Borisova, Russkaia arkhitektura v epokhu romantizma (St. Petersburg, 1997), 7.
15. Bur’ianov, Progulka s det’mi, 1:142.
16. On the building of detached houses in this period, both within and outside the city, see A. L. Punin, Arkhitekturnye pamiatniki Peterburga: Vtoraia polovina XIX veka (Leningrad, 1981), 162–86.
17. On the long and productive career of Adam Menelaws (for many years a stonemason working under the much better known Charles Cameron), see A. Cross, “By the Banks of the Neva”: Chapters from the Lives and Careers of the British in Eighteenth-Century Russia (Cambridge, 1997), 297–305. On the architectural design of the Peterhof Kottedzh, see Borisova, Russkaia arkhitektura, 132–35. On its relation to the cultural myths of the period, see A.S. Loseva, “Obraz Petergofa epokhi romantizma” (dissertation, Moscow, 1997). On these cultural myths, see R. Wortman, Scenarios of Power: Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. 1 (Princeton, 1995), chaps. 9, 10, and 11.
18. Furmann, Entsiklopediia, 1:35. A pattern book that speaks approvingly of the prevailing taste for “decorations” in house design is A. Kutepov, Proekty dlia stroenii domov i drugikh raznogo roda postroek vo vnov’ priniatom vkuse (Moscow, 1852). On Briullov’s designs and on other dachas of the period, see A. L. Punin, Arkhitektura Peterburga serediny XIX. veka (Leningrad, 1990), 237–42.
19. See Materialy o gorodakh pridvornogo vedomstva: Gorod Petergof(St. Petersburg, 1882), 5, 24.
20. N.Kukol’nik, “Novye postroiki v Petergofe,” Khudozhestvennaia gazeta, nos. 11–12 (1837), 173–77.
21. Sbornik v pamiat’ P. I. Mel’nikova (Nizhnii Novgorod, 1910), 37.
22. RGIA, f. 963, op. 1, d. 31, I. 1. Details of Kozhevnikov’s activities as a landlord can be found ibid., d. 56.
23. Furmann, Entsiklopediia, 1:29.
24. See Loseva, “Obraz Petergofa.”
25. F. Bulgarin, Letniaia progulka po Finliandii i Shvetsii v 1838 godu, 2 vols. (St. Petersburg, 1839), 1:102. Similar praises are sung in I. Golovin, Poezdka v Shvetsiiu v 1839 godu (St. Petersburg, 1840), e.g., 17.
26. F. Dershau, Finliandiia i finliandtsy (St. Petersburg, 1842), 56–57.
27. V.I. Safonovich, “Vospominaniia,” Russkii arkhiv, no. 3 (1903), 363–68.
28. See D. Lieven, The Aristocracy in Europe, 1815–1914 (London, 1992), chap. 7, esp. 150–51.
29. Dershau, Finliandiia, i.
30. N. Reidinger, Putevoditel’ po Reveliu i ego okrestnostiam (St. Petersburg, 1839).
31. N. V. Gogol’, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, 14 vols. (Leningrad, 1937–52), 10:154.
32. See G. Kaganov, Images of Space: St. Petersburg in the Visual and Verbal Arts (Stanford, 1997), 103.
33. A. Nikitenko, The Diary of a Russian Censor, ed. and trans. H. Jacobson (Amherst, 1975), 117. Another account can be found in “Vospominaniia D.A. Skalona,” Russkaia starina 131, no. 9 (1907): 526 (the author [b. 1840] recalls being evacuated to the safe haven of Oranienbaum by a relative who also happened to be a doctor). A more quantitative account of this and the several other pandemics in nineteenth-century Russia is K. D. Patterson, “Cholera Diffusion in Russia, 1823–1923,” Social Science and Medicine 38 (1994): 1171–91.
34. P. P. Sokolov, “Vospominaniia akademika P. P. Sokolova,” Istoricheskii vestnik 122 (1910): 902.
35. See, e.g., Dachniki, ili Kak dolzhno provodit’leto na dache (St. Petersburg, 1849).
36. V. Mezhevich, “Zhurnal’naia vsiakaia vsiachina,” Severnaia pchela, 24 June 1844, 565.
37. Furmann’s Entsiklopediia contains a “Swiss” design. A fashion for Swiss chalets, cottages, and farmhouses was noticeable in Pavlovsk in mid-century: see F. M. Dostoevskii, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii v tridtsati tomakh, 30 vols. (Leningrad,1972–90), 9:446 (notes to The Idiot).
38. V. R. Zotov, “Peterburg v sorokovykh godakh,” Istoricheskii vestnik 39 (1890): 330.
39. I. Goncharov, Oblomov, in Sobranie sochinenii v vos’mi tomakh (Moscow, 1952–55), 4:195; English version (amended) from Oblomov, trans. D. Magarshack (London, 1954), 188.
40. Many contemporary Russian sources cite gulian’ia as evidence that the Russian social order was. despite its autocratic political carapace. “democratic” in a way that could never be emulated by parliamentary nations: on festive occasions. it was claimed. people of all social classes came together. mixed freely. and forgot all distinctions and hierarchies. Foreign accounts suggest. however. that gulian’ia were conducted with no such carnivalesque abandon: commoners and nobles may have spent time in close proximity. but members of each group still knew their place. See, for example. the description of the Peterhof St. Peter’s Day festivities in “Iz zapisok Ippolita Ozhe, 1814–1817.” Russkii arkhiv. no. 1 (1877). 67–69. and the later. better known. and more hostile account of the Marquis de Custine in his Letters from Russia. trans. R. Buss (London. 1991). 101.