50. The new trend is reflected in a pattern book of 1853 that includes designs for “prosperous” and “rich” peasants: see Atlas proektov i cherrezhei sel’skikh posrroek (St. Petersburg), figs. 18 and 28. The importance of the new peasant householder is reflected in later do-it-yourse1fbuilding books: F. N. Korolev’s Rukovodstvo k vozvedeniiu v selakh ognesroikikh zdanii (St. Petersburg, 1880), which proved popular enough to have sold out by the publication of the same author’s Sel’skoe stroitel’noe iskusstvo (St. Petersburg, 1887).
51. See J. Burds, Peasant Dreams and Marker Politics: Labor Migration and the Russian Village, 1861–1905 (Pittsburgh,1998), 160–63.
52. See V. N. Arseev, N. S. Lepeshkin, and A. S. Livshits, “Mamontovka,” Istoriia sel i dereven’ podmoskov’ia XIV-XX vv., vol. 3 (Moscow, 1993), 119.
53. Poiuianskii, Dachi, 6.
54. Amburger, Ingermanland, 569–70.
55. Moskovskaia guberniia po mestnomu obsledovaniiu, 1898–1900 gg., vol. 1 (1903), x.
56. See Bater, St. Petersburg, 156–57.
57. I. Kushchevskii, “Drabanty,” in his Malen’kie rasskazy (St. Petersburg, 1875).
58. K. E. Kil’shtet, Vospominaniia starogo Petrogradtsa (Petrograd, 1916), 23–24.
59. Znakomyi, Dachi, 9–15. For more on Petersburg places of entertainment, see Arlekin na dache: Letnii iumoristicheskii kalendar’ (St. Petersburg, 1888), and (also on the 18805) A. Pleshcheev, Pod sen’iu kulis (Paris, 1936), 113–20.
60. Peterburgskie dachnye mestnosti v otnoshenii ikh zdorovosti.
61. P. K. Mart’ianov, “Nasha dachnaia idilliia,” in Lopari i samoedy stolichnykh nashikh tundr (St. Petersburg, 1891).
62. Mikhnevich, Peterburgskoe leto, 74.
63. See M. Kshesinskaia, Vospominaniia (Smolensk, 1998), 14.
64. See, e.g., “Potoikuemte, chitatel’,” PL, 27 Apr. 1880, 1.
65. “Iz dachnykh mest,” PL, 22 May 1880, 3, and 29 June 1880, 3.
66. “Iz dachnykh mest,” PL, 19 July 1880, 3. A gloomy assessment of the health risks of dacha areas (including industrial pollution) is Peterburgskie dachnye mestnosti v otnoshenii ikh zdorovosti.
67. See S. M. Liubetskii, Moskovskie okrestnosti, blizhnie i dal’nie, za vsemi zastavami, v istoricheskom otnoshenii i v sovremennom ikh vide, dlia vybora dach i gulian’ia (Moscow, 1877), 17–18.
68. For examples of contemporary journalism, see “Gorodskaia khronika,” Razvlechenie, no. 25 (1860); “Moskovskii nabliudatel’,” Razvlechenie, no. 23 (1866); N. Skavronskii, “Nashi dachi,” Razvlechenie, no. 28 (1866). Overviews of prerevolutionary dacha settlements around Moscow can be found in Vsia Moskva na ladoni (Moscow, 1875); Liubetskii, Moskovskie okrestnosti; Vseobshchii putevoditel’ i spravochnik po Moskve i okrestnostiam, 4th ed. (Moscow, 1911).
69· Perepis’ Moskvy 1902goda, pt. 1 (Moscow, 1904). St. Petersburg’s “suburbs” had been included in census figures somewhat earlier, in 1881.
70. RGIA, f. 1152, op. 13, d. 108.
71. Ibid., d. 298, I. 2.
72. This had been a problem earlier when appanage lands had been leased: see TsGIA SPb, f. 1205, op. 12, d. 1401.
73. RGIA, f. 1152, op. 13, dd. 108 and 298, I. 5.
74. S.A. Simkina, “Dachi moderna na severnom poberezh’e Finskogo zaliva,” in Pamiatniki istorii i kul’tury Sankt-Peterburga: Issledovaniia i materialy, vol. 4, ed. A. V. Kornilova (St. Petersburg, 1997), 341–42.
75. TsGIA SPb, f. 387, op. 11, d. 53368, I. 5. Contemporary reports suggest that local peasants resented the construction of dachas on land they considered should be theirs for pasture: see Dachnik, 20 May 1909, 2.
76. Putevoditel’ po dachnym okrestnostiam g. S.-Peterburga na 1903 god (St. Petersburg, 1903), 41; G. Moskvich, Prakticheskii putevoditel’ po S.-Peterburgu i ego okrestnostiam (Odessa, 1903), 285–88; O. Keller, St. Petersburg and Its Environs, Finland, Moscow, Kiev, Odessa (London, 1914), 98–99.
77. A.M. Anfimov, Krupnoe pomeshchich’e khoziaistvo evropeiskoi Rossii (Konets XIX–nachalo XX veka) (Moscow, 1969), 275.
78. RGIA, f. 23, op. 12, d. 1722. Stenbok-Fermor retained his palace and surrounding land of sixty-one desiatinas.
79. Ibid., op. 28, d. 1194, I. 7. The basic capital was 60,000 shares at 100 rubles each, released in two issues.
80. Ibid., op. 12, d. 1722, I. 5.
81. A further indication of winterization is the appearance of advice issued to “dachniki” on kitchen gardening (ogorodnichestvo); see M. R-ov, “Dachnye ogorody,” Dachnyi vestnik, no. 1 (1899), 7–8.
82. TsGIA SPb, f. 722, op. 1, d. 5.
83. See Putevoditel’ po S.-Peterburgu (1895), 122–25.
84. S. N. Vil’chkovskii, Tsarskoe selo (SI. Petersburg, 1911).
85. Znakomyi. Dachi. 49.
86. See F. Raevskii, Peterburg s okrestnostiami (St. Petersburg, 1902).
87. “Losinoostrovskaia” i ee okrestnosti: Putevoditel’ i spravochnaia kniga (Moscow, 1913), 9.
88. Ebenezer Howard’s Garden Cities of To-morrow was translated into Russian in 1904, and in 1913 a Russian garden city society was formed (it re-formed after the Civil War, in 1922).
89. D. Protopopov, “Goroda budushchego,” Gorodskoe delo, no. 17 (1909), 855–56.
90. V. Semenov, Blagoustroistvo gorodov (Moscow, 1912).
91. See V. L. Ruzhzhe, “Goroda-sady,” Stroitel’stvo i arkhitektura Leningrada, no. 2 (1961), 34–36. One of the first such projects was drawn up for the Stroganov lands just north of the Neva: see “Pervyi gorod-sad v Rossii,” Gorodskoe delo, nos. 15–16 (1911), 1183–84.
92. Dachnitsa, no. 5 (1912), 2. However, advertisements from Nizhegorodskii listok in the 1900s suggest that the range of dachas available there was rather similar to those of Moscow and St. Petersburg, even if the absolute numbers were much smaller.
93. On the need for greater infrastructural provision in dacha settlements outside Warsaw, see Dachnyi listok, 24 July 1909. The dacha habits of middle-class Odessans are described briefly in P. Herlihy, Odessa:A History, 1794–1914 (Cambridge, Mass., 1986), 277.
94. A. Saladin, Putevoditel’ po prigorodnym i dachnym mestnostiam do stantsii Ramenskoe MoskovskoKazanskoi zheleznoi dorogi (Moscow, 1914), 21.
95. P. N. Shteinberg, Dekorativnyi dachnyi i usadebnyi sad, 3d ed. (Petrograd, 1916), and P.l. Kamenogradskii, Dachnyi sad: Razbivka i obsadka nebol’shikh sadov i parkov derev’iami, kustami i tsvetami, 3d ed. (Petrograd, 1918).
96. Semenov, Blagoustroistvo gorodov, 1.
97. See, e.g., V. Portugalov, “Sanitarnoe znachenie zhilishcha,” Nashe zhilishche, no. 1 (1894), 2–5.