15. Iu. A. Bakhrushin, Vospominaniia (Moscow, 1994), 101–7.
16. On Malakhovka, see ibid., 290–95.
17. The ease of commuting is evident in P. A. Shchukin, “Iz vospominanii Petra Ivanovicha Shchukina,” Russkii arkhiv, no. 12 (1911), 546–57. Similar were the experiences of the Kharuzin family (another merchant dynasty, whose money came from the textile trade), who rented a dacha at the Iusupov estate of Arkhangel’skoe every summer from 1870 to 1879. At that time, only seven houses were let out as dachas, so tenants enjoyed a high degree of privacy (the Kharuzins, e.g., had very little to do with their neighbors and spent their time in an extended family group): see V. N. Kharuzina, Proshloe: Vospominaniia detskikh i otrocheskikh let (Moscow, 1999), 265–336 passim.
18. V. P. Ziloti, V dome Tret’iakova (New York, 1954), esp. 189.
19. Quoted in Kazhdan, Khudozhestvennyi mir, 212.
20. See, e.g., Christine Ruane, “Caftan to Business Suit: The Semiotics of Russian Merchant Dress,” in Merchant Moscow: Images of Russia’s Vanished Bourgeoisie, ed. J. West and Iu. Petrov (Princeton, 1998).
21. On Stanislavsky and Liubimovka, see N. Shestakova, Pervyi teatr Stanislavskogo (Moscow, 1998). Stanislavsky’s views on the social and cultural potential of his generation of the merchantry come across strongly in chap. 2 of his memoir My Life in Art, trans J.J. Robbins (Boston, 1924). In chap. 29 he recalls how a barn on a friend’s estate a few versts from Liubimovka provided the venue for early rehearsals of a troupe that would soon become the Moscow Art Theatre.
22. Ivan Ivanovich Shishkin: Perepiska. Dnevnik. Sovremenniki o khudozhnike, ed. I. N. Shuvalova, 2d ed. (Leningrad, 1984), 38–39. The migration of landscape artists to the north is recognized as an established phenomenon in “Peterburgskoe obozrenie,” Severnaia pchela, 7 May 1860, 416; it received increased institutional backing in 1884 with the establishment of a retreat (later named the “academy dacha”) in Tver’ guberniia where students of the St. Petersburg Academy of the Arts could refine their skills each summer. See I. Romanycheva, Akademicheskaia dacha (Leningrad, 1975).
23. N. Rimskii-Korsakov, Letopis’ moei muzykal’noi zhizni (1844–1906), 3d ed. (Moscow, 1926), 237, 224.
24. Z. Zhemchuzhnaia, Puti izgnaniia: Ural, Kuban’, Moskva, Kharbin, Tian’tszin (Tenafly, N.J., 1987), 203. The comparison with Switzerland is a commonplace of prerevolutionary descriptions of the dacha.
25. Boris Zaitsev to Ivan Bunin, 1 Sept. 1935, quoted in A. Liubomudrov, “Monastyrskie palomnichestva Borisa Zaitseva,” Russkaia literatura, no. 1 (1995), 154.
26. V. Shklovskii, Tret’ia fabrika (Leningrad, 1926), 21, 24. Fellow enthusiasts of the dacha on the coast were the Bertenson family, headed by a well-known prerevolutionary physician, who in 1907 built themselves a spacious two-story house overlooking the sea at Terioki after several years of renting dachas in this village: see S. Bertenson, Vokrug iskusstva (Hollywood, 1957), 99. The popularity of Finnish dachas among middle-class Petersburgers is discussed in N. Bascmakoff and M. Leinonen, Iz istorii i byta russkih v Finliandii, vol. 1 (Helsinki, 1990).
27. Vera Andreeva, Dom na chernoi rechke (Moscow, 1980).
28. This comes across very strongly in Leonid Andreyev, Photographs by a Russian Writer, ed. R. Davies (London, 1989). For a discussion of Andreev’s house, see esp. 50–56.
29. L. Chukovskaia, Pamiati detstva (New York, 1983), 27.
30. C. Kelly, Refining Russia: Advice Literature, Polite Culture, and Gender from Catherine to Yeltsin (Oxford, 2001), 184–86.
31. Khudozhnik, no. 1 (1891).
32. Note the following examples: Dachnaia zhizn’ (a supplement to the middlebrow magazine Raduga, published in Moscow in 1885 and 1886); Dachnyi kur’er (a St. Petersburg newspaper published in 1908); Dachnaia gazeta (published in St. Petersburg in 1908); Dachnaia biblioteka, St. Petersburg, 1911; Dachnitsa (a weekly newspaper published in St. Petersburg in 1912); Dachnik (Moscow, published in 1912).
33. On America, see K. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York, 1985), esp. chap. 3.
34. Leto v Tsarskom Sele: Rasskazy dlia detei (St. Petersburg, 1880), 16. Note also Dachnyi poezd (Moscow, 1917), another children’s book, plushly illustrated in full color, with the cherubic children clothed in prim anglophile attire.
35. M. I. Mikhel’son, Russkaia mysl’i rech’: Opyt russkoi frazeologii (St. Petersburg, 1899), 227.
36. A. P. Chekhov, “Lishnie liudi,” in his Polnoe sobranie sochinenii i pisem v tridtsati tomakh (Moscow, 1974–83), 5:198–204.
37. Thus in several Chekhov stories women are confronted with the tedium of married life and driven, usually against their better judgment, into extramarital liaisons (“Ot nechego delat’,” “Neschast’e,” both 1886).
38. M. V-v, Kak provodit’ leto na dache (Dachnaia dietetika) (St. Petersburg, 1909). Similar in its insistence on simple furnishings and the rational use of domestic space is Khoziaika doma (domoustroistvo) (St. Petersburg, 1895). The virtues of physical activity and exposure to the natural environment are also extolled in “Dachnik”: Dachnye mestnosti vblizi g. Kieva (Kiev, 1909). A parody of good intentions for the summer is Sasha Chernyi’s fourth “epistle” (of 1908) from the Baltics, in his Sobranie sochinenii v piati tomakh (Moscow, 1996), 1:135–36.
39. Zhizn’ v svete, doma i pri dvore (St. Petersburg, 1890).
40. N.A. Leikin, “Vinter,” in his Na dachnom proziabanii, 4th ed. (St. Petersburg, 1912), 56.
41. Zhizn’ v svete, 108–10.
42. Dachnik, no. 5 (1912), 12. Similar is Chekhov’s story “Dachniki” (1885), where newlyweds enjoying their privacy at the dacha unwisely take a stroll to the railway station and meet the husband’s uncle and his large family, who have come to visit. Unwelcome dacha guests are also the subject of Sasha Chernyi’s “Mukhi” (1910): see his Sobranie sochinenii, 1:65–66.
43. See D. Rayfield, “Orchards and Gardens in Chekhov,” SEER 67 (1989): 530–45.
44. Chekhov, “Dachnye pravila,” in Polnoe sobranie sochinenii 3:21. There is a strong parallel here with bourgeois beach culture in Western Europe, which presented the seaside as an ideal location for acquaintances to be made and matches to be expedited.
45. Zhizn’ v svete, 109.
46. One memoir account is V. D. Tsvetaev, Dubrovitsy: Iz dachnykh vpechatlenii (Moscow, 1907). Descriptions of such entertainments are abundant in late imperial dacha periodicals.