109. P. Sokolov, “Prigorodnaia zona i problema otdykha naseleniia Moskvy,” Sotsialisticheskii gorod, no. 5 (1936), 16–21.
110. no. V. Baburov, “Prigorodnaia zona Moskvy,” Stroitel’stvo Moskvy, no. 12 (1935), 27–31. The same author reiterates his agenda with a view to the third five-year plan in “Osvoenie lesoparkovoi zony,” Stroitel’stvo Moskvy, no. 9 (1937), 17–18.
111. See BSE, 1st ed., s.v. “Dacha.” By effectively redefining “dacha” as any form of suburban habitation, this entry made the claim that “up to 84%” of people living in dachas were “toilers.”
112. Sokolov, “Prigorodnaia zona,” 17.
113. TsMAM, f. 1956, op. 1, d. 10, l. 1. This picture of the dacha’s class profile is confirmed by the available lists of cooperative members (assembled ibid., dd. 26, 27, 28).
114. In one Pravda commentary, for example, the growth of dacha settlements was seen as indicative of the “enormous demand for a dacha by people who previously couldn’t even have dreamed of it,” and hence of the rising cultural level of Soviet society: see “Dacha,” Pravda, 23 Apr. 1935, 3.
115. Ia. M. Belitskii, Okrest Moskvy (Moscow, 1996), 22.
116. I.N. Sergeev, Tsaritsyno. Sukhanovo: Liudi, sobytiia, fakty (Moscow, 1998), 80–81.
117. N. Mandelstam, Hope against Hope: A Memoir, trans. M. Hayward (London, 1971), 293.
118. Sokolov, “Prigorodnaia zona,” 17.
119. Muscovites away at the dacha between 15 Apr. and 30 Sept. retained rights to their living space in the city and were also entitled to sublet this space for the summer, as long as the prices asked were not “extortionate” (spekuliativnye): see “Nakanune dachnogo sezona,” VM, 9 May 1933, 1.
120. VKG, 15 May 1932, 4.
121. “Na dachu! Novyi poriadok naima dach!” VM, 12 May 1932, 3. This policy had to be reiterated in the press the following year, because peasants were unwilling to believe that it remained in force (see “V mae na dachu. L’goty ostaiutsia,” VM, 30 Apr. 1933, 2).
122. “Skol’ko platit’ za dachu?” VKG, 7 Apr. 1932, 2.
123. A. Vetrov, “Kontsert v dachnom poezde: Obraztsovyi prigorodnyi poezd,” VM, 4 Apr. 1934, 3.
124. M. Iv., “Dachnikov eto interesuet!” VKG, 23 May 1933, 2. In 1935 it was estimated that dacha areas needed to be supplied with 20 tons of bread daily (“Chto zhdet dachnika?” VKG, 16 May 1935, 3). For a survey of supply problems in Moscow dacha locations, see V. Starov, “Ot dachnika trebuiut podvigov, a on ishchet otdykha,” VM, 27 Apr. 1933, 2.
125. D. Maslianenko, “Dachnye kontrabandisty,” VKG, 2 June 1935, 3.
126. “Kаk perevezti veshchi na dachu?” VM, 22 Apr. 1935, 2.
127. A rhymed reflection on the imperfection of the Lisii Nos development is A. Flit, “Razmyshlenie na Lis’em nosu,” VKG, 3 June 1933, 2.
128. A. Kagan, “‘Samostroi,’” VKG, 28 Mar. 1935, 3.
129. I. Girbasova, “Sem’ia Stroit dachu,” VKG, 26 Apr. 1935, 3.
130. A. Gerb, “Dacha v lesu,” VM, 3 July 1935, 2.
131. V. Paperny, “Men, Women, and the Living Space,” in Brumfield and Ruble, Russian Housing, 162. Some published materials of the 1930s called for increased public coverage of dacha construction projects and for greater architectural experimentation. One article recommended hexagonal clusters instead of the usual rectilinear street plans of dacha settlements: see V. P. Kalmykov, “Dachnye poselki,” Sovetskaia arkhitektura, no. 1 (1934), 46–51. The same article criticized the “architectural conservatism” of the izba-style dacha.
132. That the “communal” dacha lifestyle was unpopular can be surmised from the construction policy of the Moscow dacha cooperative, which by the mid-1930s had amassed 3,081 dachas with only 3,791 sets of living quarters (Sokolov, “Prigorodnaia zona,” 18).
133. Bobov, Arkhitektura i stroitel’stvo dach, 12, 21.
134. Examples are given in Fitzpatrick, Everyday Stalinism, 100–101.
135. One example was the village of Zhukovka, where many peasants were dekulakized and exiled and their land was made available for the construction of elite dachas: see L.M. Trizna, “Zhukovka,” in Istoriia sel i dereven’ podmoskov’ia XIV–XX vv., vol. 5 (Moscow, 1993), 10.
136. Iurii Druzhnikov, quoted in L. Vasil’eva, Kremlevskie zheny (Moscow, 1994), 109.
137. Ibid. Other details on Stalin’s dacha taken from Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem. A map of elite dacha settlements in the Moscow region is given in T. Colton, Moscow: Governing the Sodalist Metropolis (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 512.
138. Bonner, Dochki-materi, 196.
139. E. N. Machul’skii, “Roslovka,” in Severo-zapadnyi okrug Moskvy, 312–13. The dacha was, from the point of view of the secret police, a perfectly convenient working location: Nina Kosterina, for example, saw her family’s dacha landlord arrested in the summer of 1937 (Diary, 42–43).
140. In July 1937 a representative of Mosgordachsoiuz reported that in the past year thirty-four members of the Podpol’shchik cooperative (run by Old Bolsheviks) had been arrested, and that a similar pattern of events could be observed in many other cooperatives. His conclusion was that “anyone who feels like it can infiltrate our cooperatives. We have provided enemies of the people with dachas” (TsMAM, f. 1956, op. 1, d. 24, l. 29).
141. On the nomenklatura dacha prerogative, see Michael Voslensky, Nomenklatura: Anatomy of the Soviet Ruling Class, trans. E. Mosbacher (London, 1984), 228–39. The personalistic nature of dacha allocation in the 1930s is suggested by archival materials from the Sovnarkom apparat: see, e.g., GARF, f. R-5446, op. 34, d. 1, ll. 12, 147.
142. Details in Arkady Vaksberg, The Prosecutor and the Prey: Vyshinsky and the 1930s’ Moscow Show Trials, trans. J. Butler (London, 1990), 86–93. Nor was this Vyshinsky’s only intervention in the life of dacha settlements during the Terror: in October 1938 he wrote to the manager of Sovnarkom affairs complaining that although several members of Ranis (a cooperative for representatives of academia and the arts) had recently been arrested, their dachas had been sealed up and their redistribution had been delayed (GARF, f. R-9542, op. 1, d. 41, l. 2).
143. “V Maleevke stalo luchshe, no eshche ne stalo khorosho,” LG, 11 July 1932, 1, and E. Pel’son, “V Maleevke ne stalo luchshe,” LG, 29 July 1932, 4.
144. D. Babichenko, “Schast’e literatury”: Gosudarstvo i pisateli 1925–1938: Dokumenty (Moscow, 1997), 177–78, 197–98. Similar expenditure was sanctioned by other Soviet organizations: the Union of Soviet Architects, for example, resolved in 1936 to “increase funding for building and buy dachas from 100,000 rubles to 300,000 rubles” (Paperny, “Men, Women, and the Living Space,” 162).