Bishop M. C, Coulston J, C. N. Roman Military Equipment from the Punic Wars to the fall of Rome. London, 1993.
Bivar A. D. H. Cavalry Equipment and Tactics on the Euphrates Frontier // DOP. No. 26.1972.
Bona I. Das Hunnenreich. Stuttgart, 1991.
Burns T. S. A History of the Ostrogoths. Bloomington, 1984.
Chevedden P. E. Artillery in Late Antiquity: Prelude to the Middle Ages // The Medieval City under Siege. Suffolk; Rochester, 1995.
Dqbrowski K., Nagrodzka-Majchrzyk T., Tryjarski E. Huno-wie europejscy, Protobuigarzy, Chazarowie, Pieczyngowie. Wroclaw; Warszawa; Krak6w; Gdansk, 1975.
Daim F., Kaus K., Tomka P. (ed). Reitervolker aus dem Osten. Hunnen+ Awaren. Burgenlandische Landesausstellung 1996. Schlofi Halbturn. 26. April — 31. Oktober 1996. Begleit-buch und Katalog, Eisenstadt, 1996.
Elton H. Warfare in Roman Europe, A.D. 350–425. Oxford, 1997.
Ferrill A. The Fall of the Roman Empire: the military explanation. New York, 1991.
Goldsworthy A. K. The Roman Army at War: 100 B.C. — A.D, 200. Oxford, 1998.
Harmatta J. The Golden Bow of the Huns // AArchASH. T.I/1–2.1951.
Harper P. O. Reflections on the Whip in the Pre-Islamic Near East: Questions of Identification and Interpretation // Stir. T. 11. 1982.
Howarth P. Attila, King of the Huns: Man and Myth. London, 1994.
Hyland A. The Medieval Warhorse: From Byzantium to the Crusades / With a Foreword by M. Prestwich, Conshohocken, 1996.
Hyland A. The Warhorse: 1250–1600. Stroud, 1998.
Ilyasov J. Ya., Rusanov D. V, A Study on the Bone Plates from Orlat // SRAA. 5, 1997/98 (1998).
James S. Evidence from Dura-Europos for the Origins of Late Roman Helmets // Syria. T. LXHI/1–2. Paris, 1986.
Keegan J, A History of Warfare. New York, 1993.
Laing J. Warriors of the Dark Ages. Stroud, 2000.
Ldszlo Gy. The Significance of the Hun Golden Bow, Contribution to the structure of the Hun Nomad Empire// AAr-chASH.T.I/1–2. 1951.
Lebedynskyl. Armes et guerriers barbares au temps des Grandes Invasions (IVе au Vf siecle apr. J.-C). Paris, 2001.
Lindner R. P. Nomadism, Horses and Huns // PPr. No. 92. 1981.
Maenchen-Helfen O. J. The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture / Ed, by M. Knight. Berkeley; Los Angeles; London» 1973.
Nicasie M. J. Twilight of Empire; The Roman Army from the Reign of Diocletian until the Batde of Adnanopie, Amsterdam, 1998.
Nickel И. About the Sword of the Huns and the «Urepos» of the Steppes // MMJ. Vol. 7. 1973.
Roques D. Synesios de Суrene et la CyrenaTque du Bas-Empire. Paris, 1987.
Simonenko A. К Bewaffnung und Kriegswesen der Sar-maten und sp&ten Skythen im nttrdlichen Schwarzmeergebiet // EAnt. Bd. 7.2001
Sinor D. Horse and pasture in Inner Asian history // OrE. Jg. 19/1–2.1972.
Sinor 1990: SinorD. The Hun period// The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge; New York; Port Chester; Melbourne; Sydney, 1990.
Southern P. Dixon K. R. The Late Roman Army. New Haven; London, 1996.
Stephenson I. P. Roman Infantry equipment: The Later Empire. Stroud, 2001.
Takdcs Z. de. On the Hsiung-nu Figure at the Tomb of Huo Ch'u-ping // MS. Vol. III/1. 1938.
Tausend K. Hunnische Poliorketik// GB. Bd. 12/13. 1985/ 1986.
Thompson E. A. The Camp of Attila// JHS. Vol, LXV В (1945). 1947.
Thompson E. A. A History of Attila and the Huns. Oxford, 1948.
Thompson E. A. The Early Germans. Oxford, 1965.
Thompson E. A. The Huns / Revised and with an afterword by P. Heather. Oxford; Maiden, 1999.
Werner J. Beitrage zur Archaologie des Atula-Reiches. MUnchen, 1956.
Wirth G., Attila und Byzanz: Zur Deutung einer fragwtlrdi-gen Priscusstelle //BZ. Bd. 60.1967.
Wolfram H. L'armée romaine comme modèle pour l'Exercitus Barbarorum // L'armée romaine et les Barbares du IIIе au VIIe siècle. Conde-sur-Noireau, 1993.
Zygulski Z. (Jr.). The Wagon Laager // FAH. Fasc. VII. 1994.
СПИСОК БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИХ СОКРАЩЕНИИ
ДА — Древности Алтая: Известия лаборатории археологии. Горно-Алтайск
ЗВОРАО — Записки Восточного отделения Российского археологического общества. СПб
НС — Новая серия
СА — Советская археология. М
СЭ — Советская этнография. М.
ТИИАЭ АН КазССР — Труды института истории, археологии и этнографии Академии наук Казахской ССР. Алма-Ата
AArchASH — Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum
Hungaricae, Budapest BZ — Byzantinische Zeitschrift. Munchen
CSEL — Corpus scriptomm ecclesiasticorum Latinorum.
Vindobonae OOP — Dumbarton Oaks Papers. Washington
EAnt — Eurasia Antiqua. Berlin; Mainz
FAH — Fasciculi Archaeologiae Historicae. Lódź
FHG — Fragmenta historicorum Graecomm/ Collegit, disposuit, nous et prolegomenis illustravit
C. Mullerus. Parisiis GB — Grazer Beitrage. Graz; Horn
HGM — Historici Graeci minores/ Ed, L. Dindorfius. Lipsiae
JAS — Journal of Asian Studies. Ann Arbor
JHS — The Journal of Hellenic Studies. London
MGHAA — Monumenta Germaniae historica, Auctores antiquissimi. Berolini
MMJ — Metropolitan Museum Journal, New York
MS — Monumenta Serica. Peking
OrE — Oriens Extremus. Wiesbaden
PG — Patrologiae cursus completus: Patrologia Graeca / Accurante J.-P. Migne. Parisiis
PL — Patrologiae cursus completus; Patrologia Latina / Accurante J.-P. Migne. Parisiis
PPr — Past and Present. Oxford
RN — Revue Numismatique. Paris
SEAA — Silk Road Art and Archaeology. Kamakura
Stlr — Studia lranica. Paris
THE «WHISTLING ARROWS» OF MO-TUN AND THE «MARS SWORD» OF ATTILA: ART OF WARFARE OF THE ASIATIC HSIUNG-NU AND THE EUROPEAN HUNS
by Valery P. Nikonorov and Julij S. Khudjakov
The present book has to do with the art of warfare and wars of the Hsiung-nu and the Huns — those nomadic peoples, which ranked among the most militant in the World history. The Hsiung-nu created in the late 3rd century B.C. within the vast steppe area of Central Asia a powerful state that became for several centuries the main enemy of Han China and subdued numerous nomadic tribes living in the vast expanses from the Great Chinese wall to the boundless Siberian taiga. This was due, first, to those peculiar achievements, which the Hsiung-nu contributed to the field of mounted warfare. Although many ancient eastern peoples employed battling on horseback with shooting arrows, the Hsiung-nu were the first who developed horse-archery into the best form. They invented fighting mainly at a long distance, when the outcome of battle was decided not in hand-to-hand-combat, but in methodical and very efficient shooting at the enemy from a distance, i. e. with the least losses for themselves. The appearance of these tactics became possible only because of the making of the big and powerful compound bow in the eastern part of the Central Asian steppe zone during the last centuries B.C. Such bows helped Hsiung-nu warriors to strike any enemies by their famous «whistling» arrows at a long distance, while they remained invulnerable themselves to a considerable extent. The Hsiung-nu warfare influenced very much their nomadic neighbours, as well as the Chinese.