Aquileia, 26, 35, 40, 55, 453
Aquinas, St. Thomas, 94, 124, 252, 255, 257, 338, 407, 412*, 414, 554, 611, 632, 733, 734, 751, 752, 785, 803, 822, 824, 825, 838, 897*, 912, 913, 921, 923, 933, 940, 941, 949, 953, 955, 956, 957, 958, 959, 960, 961-967, 968-972, 976-977, 980, 981, 991, 995, 1005, 1009, 1014, 1026, 1030, 1067, 1068, 1069, 1074, 1077, 1078
style of, 964-965
Aquitaine, 37, 461, 475, 480, 671, 672, 688, 690, 828, 1039
duchy of, 689, 827, 828
Ara pads, Ravenna, 132
Rome, 861
Arab conquests, 187-196
arabesques, 270, 273, 287, 876
Arabi, Muyhi al-Din, 333, 462, 1068
Arabia, 119, 143, 146, 155-162, 187, 188, 190, 195, 200, 206, 215, 218, 219, 223, 238, 264, 273, 282, 284, 349, 358, 367, 369, 596, 617, 847
Arabia Deserta (Doughty), 155*
Arabs, 4, 22, 48, 49, 109, 115, 117, 140, 144, 146, 148, 151-344, 349, 357, 370, 371, 372, 423, 425, 544, 624, 629, 645, 831, 874, 913, 1085
Aragon, 402, 698, 699, 700, 701, 762
Arbogast, 26
Arbre de sciencia (Lully), 979
arcades, 457, 874, 881, 882, 884
Arcadius, 26, 27, 64, 103
Arch of Khosru, 148-149
archbishops, 511, 525, 564, 667, 758, 763, 802, 914
archery, 570, 678, 840, 1050
arches, 303, 304, 455, 873, 874
converging, 899
diagonal, 866, 872
half, 873
horseshoe, 286
longitudinal, 866
pointed, 286, 872, 873, 874, 882, 883, 884, 887, 888, 890
principle of, 866
ribbed, 867
Romanesque, 457, 861, 892
round, 268, 286, 870, 871, 872, 874, 877, 889, 891
transverse, 866, 872
triumphal, 432
archimagus, 139
Archimatheus, 998
Archimedes, 99, 911, 912, 990
Archipoeta, 1025-1026
architects, 457, 467, 491, 846, 847, 864, 889
English, 864, 883
French, 875, 882
Gothic* 864, 865, 873, 881
Greek and Saracen, 704
Seljuq, 317
architecture, 127-134, 267, 270, 286, 311, 312, 313, 341, 440, 441, 450, 452, 491, 492, 653, 704, 752, 846, 856, 861, 866, 895, 899, 915, 1028, 1085
Byzantine, 441
cathedral, 864, 894
civic, 886, 888
classic, 893, 894
Coptic, 132
ecclesiastical, 516, 847, 870-871
in England, 494
Gothic, 148, 692, 858, 872-875, 893, 894, 906
Islamic, 273
medieval, 892, 926
military, 271, 316
Moslem, 271-274
Norman, 669, 870
Persian, 274
Renaissance, 894
Sasanian, 148-149, 272
Seljuq, 317
Spanish, 700
tower, 272
Western, 845, 846, 868
archives, 278, 909
keeper of, 908*
Arctic, 655, 666
Ardagh chalice, 499
Ardan, 478, 499
Ardashir I, 142, 148
Ardashir III, 151
Ardistan, 274
Areca, Rab, 362
Arezzo, 638, 779, 898, 919, 1062
Argenteuil, 914, 942
Arians, 46-47, 58, 62-63, 91, 92, 100, 101, 108, 451
Ariosto, Lodovico, 1054
Aristippus of Catania, 912
aristocracy, 7, 275, 303, 423, 432, 433, 464, 486, 497, 506, 552, 577, 639, 660, 683, 707, 711, 840, 975, 1037
Arab, 293, 295-296
of birth, 647, 710
of the East, 120
English, 578, 675-676, 679, 905
feudal, 552, 560-564, 826, 836
Florentine, 1061
French, 840, 858
German, 661, 665
Ghibelline, 729
Greek, 432
Hungarian, 658
Islamic, 197, 237, 342
Jewish, 372
ladies of, 578, 1039
landed, 560
mercantile, 641
Roman, 512, 537-538
Viennese, 1040
Aristotle, 9, 99, 122, 123, 138, 240, 241, 250, 251, 253, 255, 257, 288, 335, 336, 337, 342, 405, 406, 407, 412, 476, 554, 606, 611, 630, 720, 804, 820, 860, 879, 911, 912, 913, 915, 925, 928, 931, 938, 949, 953-955, 959, 960, 961, 962, 964, 968, 969, 972, 973, 974-975, 977, 978, 981, 982, 988, 994, 1005, 1008, 1009, 1010, 1014, 1017, 1070
commentaries on, 910, 957, 1004
banned, 415, 954
interpretation of, 336-338, 929
translated, 49, 336
Aristoxenus of Tarentum, 135
Arius, 7-8, 946
Arles, 85, 474, 648, 688, 869
kingdom of, 513
Armagh, 84, 500
arme Heinrich, Der (Hartmann von Aue), 1049
Armenia, 3, 13, 49, 64, 128, 143, 146, 147, 156*, 196, 204-205, 242, 308, 317, 340, 366, 430, 440, 528, 530, 590, 762
Armenians, 140, 432, 436, 619, 652-653
armillary spheres, 242, 244
armies, 23-25, 41, 294, 307, 340, 423, 424, 500, 566, 569, 619, 651, 655, 678, 683-686, 725, 793, 799, 822
armor, 342, 570, 848
Arnaud of Cîteaux, 774, 775, 803
Arno River, 616, 645, 728, 1080
Arnold of Brescia, 707-708, 767, 790, 945
Arnold of Cologne, 391
Arnold of Villanova, 987, 988, 1000, 1016
Arnolfo di Cambio, 811, 861-862, 889-890
Arnstadt, 838
Arnulf, Archbishop of Reims, 511, 540
Arras, 37, 476, 627, 643, 771, 851, 1029
arrengo (popular assembly), 709
Ars cantus mensurabilis (Franco of Cologne), 898
Ars magna (Raymond Lully), 418
Arsacids, 142, 149
art, 292, 310, 311, 312, 432, 450, 455, 456, 457, 501, 544, 578, 652, 653, 657, 669, 704, 748, 750, 752, 827, 845, 846, 857-858, 869, 876, 893, 910, 1015, 1084-1085
Byzantine, 126-135, 439-442, 846
calligraphic, 853
Chinese, 273
Christian, 150, 700, 747
classic, 719, 861
Dutch, 686
German, 515-516
Gothic, 205, 701, 846, 847, 875, 880, 1086
Greek, 150, 444, 1086
Irish, 499
Islamic, 237, 270-278, 286, 315-319, 341, 342, 343, 441
Italian, 456, 802, 855, 890
military, 892
miniature, 479
Moorish, 315-319
pictorial, 851-857
purpose of, 847
religious, 441-442
rewards of, 854
Sasanian, 148-150, 270
Serbian, 657
teaching of, 920
Art of Love (Ovid), 939, 1018
Artabanus V, 142
Arte della Lana, 623, 624, 728
Arte de’ Calimala, 624, 728
Artemis-Diana, 48, 746
arthritis, 999
Arthur, Count of Brittany, 674
Arthur, King, 81, 496, 575, 673, 822, 1019, 1045-1048
Arthurian cycle, 1045-1047
artisans, 270, 278, 350, 553, 579, 688, 864, 875, 876
Byzantine, 455
Greek and Saracen, 704
Hebrew, 376
Moslem, 342
artists, 270, 276, 278, 293, 309, 440, 479, 516, 757, 854, 864, 876
Byzantine, 128-129, 455, 846, 851
French, 880
Gothic, 455
Greek, 449, 704, 845
Italian, 852
Moslem, 273, 857, 908
Renaissance, 862
secular, 847
Artois, 475
count of, 814
arts, 285, 287, 857, 923, 924, 994
Byzantine, 133-135
ceramic, 849
and crafts, 491, 847
domestic, 807
French, 476-479
German, 512
home, 505
Islamic, 318
metal, 848
patronage of, 724
resurrection of, 845-862
schools of, 917, 919, 923
seven, 920
in Spain, 96
training in, 914
aruspex, 987
Aryans, 136, 141
Asaf-ha-Jehudi, 403
Asal, 334-335
Ascalon, 592, 613
asceticism, 258, 259, 260, 358, 518, 520, 527, 790, 799, 802
asepsis, 1001
Asgard, 507
Ashari, Abul-Hasan al-, 252, 405
Ash down, battle of, 483
Asher ben Yehiel, 380, 415, 416
Ashi, Rab, 351
Ashkenazim, 370*
Ashoka, 58
Ashot III, 205
Ashraf, Kab ibn al-, 169
Asia, 4, 13, 49, 107, 128, 192, 218, 219, 270, 275, 285, 298, 312, 330, 369, 371, 383, 393, 423, 434, 525, 586, 610, 612, 616, 658, 673, 857, 993
Byzantine, 155
Central, 119, 238, 339, 992
Islamic, 249, 616
Roman, 146
Western, 147, 187, 192, 207, 218, 227, 242, 312, 341, 423, 554, 638