Bilinguals are discussed at Harris, Rome in Etruria and Umbria 175-7; note H. Rix, Beitrage %ur Namenforschung 7 (1956) 147-72, 'Die Personnamen auf den etruskischen Bilinguen', for the striking case of Iuuentius constructed (mistakenly) from Iuppiter in replacement of tins related to Tinia. There is a curious Etruscan inscription, engraved on a coarse-ware pot, before firing, in the Latin alphabet, from Limentra near Porretta on the way to the pass from the Po valley to Pistoia, G. Susini, CRAI1965, 155 n. 1, citing Festus 17 L:
[ ]AGI[ ]
[ TIN] AFFN1N ARSE V[ERSE ]
I do not know what to make of a fragmentary and unintelligible inscription, partly in Etruscan, partly in Latin, engraved on a brick before firing, from a first- to second-century a.d. dump in Pisa, M. Cristofani, SE 38 (1970) 288:
Harris, Rome in Etruria and Umbria, 180-2, discusses the Latin inscriptions from after the Social War, 177-80, the last Etruscan inscriptions; note also: Arretium:
G. Maetzke, SE 23 (1954) 353-6, 'Tomba con urnetta iscritta trovata in Arezzo': grave with Arretine ware and bilingual inscription; A. Cherici, SE 5 5 (1987-8) 331-2, no. 104, urn with second- to first-century B.C. inscription;
Caere:
M. Martelli, SE 5 5 (1987-8) 340-1, no. 118: Etruscan name in Latin script, second to first century в.с.; M. Cristofani, ibid., 324-5, no. 95, Latin funerary inscription;
Clusium:
CIL xi 2146—57, 2185—9, 2190—5, 2196-2200, 2201—10, 2217-19, 2250—2; groups of funerary inscriptions which move from Etruscan to Latin, usually via Etrusco-Latin, between the second and first centuries в.с.
Perusia:
T. Rasmussen, ArchRep 1985-6,113-14; tomb of cutu family, in use from the third to the first centuries B.C., one sarcophagus and fifty urns, Etruscan and then Latin inscriptions; add L. Cenciaioli, SE 5 5 (1987-8) 311-14; group of four urns, second to first century в.с. Etruscan and then Latin inscriptions.
Saena:
E. Mangani, SE 50 (1982) 103-46,'II tumulo dei marcni ad Asciano': two chambers, in use from the third century в.с. to Augustus; seventy-eight Etruscan inscriptions, one Latin (whence E. Mangani, SE 51 (1983) 425-6).
Volaterrae:
There is an enormous bibliography on the urns of Volaterrae, which may be pursued through A. Maggiani, SE 51 (1983) 247-8, no. 5 5 (urn of 100-50 b.c.); M. Pandolfini, SE 52 (1984) 310-11, no. 66 (urn of 100-50 в.с.); M. Nielsen,/. Paul Getty Museum Journal 1986, 43-58, 'Late Etruscan cinerary urns from Volterra at the J. Paul Getty Museum'; the consensus seems to be that they last for a generation or so after the Social War.
OSCAN
It is more than doubtful whether the plays and mimes of Strab. v. 3. 6 (233c); or the Osci ludi of Cic. Fam. vn.1.3 (= SB 24) are pieces in Oscan, rather than 'Atellan' farces, despite E. D. Rawson, Intellectual Life in the Late Roman Republic, London, 1985, 22 n. 12.
P. Poccetti, Studi e Saggi Linguistici 22 (1982) 185-7, 'Minima Paeligna' (V etter, 217a-b), rejects the notion of an Italic 'revival'; his arguments are weak; but even if they are wrong, the texts which might document such a 'revival' cannot be closely dated. For Vetter 213 (Corfinium) as an example of such a 'revival', see A. L. Prosdocimi, in Le iscri^joni pre-latine in Italia, Atti dei Convegni Lincei 39, Rome, 1979, 119-214, 'Le iscrizioni italiche. Acquisizioni temi problemi', at 176—8.
A belief in the use of Oscan after the Social War has usually been supported by the painted inscriptions from Pompeii (Vetter, nos. 23-35; for a proper archaeological account it is necessary to go back to Conway), on the grounds that one should not posit too long an interval before a.d. 79; but the so-called eituns inscriptions, which are painted, are certainly no later than the Social War, A. L. Prosdocimi, in Popoli e civilta del Г Italia antica vi, Rome, 1978, 825-912, a* 874-8, 'Le "eituns'"; and in Montefusco near Benevento, a few years ago, a painted slogan 'Viva Badoglio' was perfectly legible nearly half a century on. None of the painted inscriptions from Pompeii need be even as late as Augustus.
For a group of Oscan graffiti on pottery from Pompeii, second to middle of the first centuries B.C., see C. Reusser, SE 50 (1982) 360-3.
M. L. Porzio Gernia, MAL 1973-4, 111-337, 'Contributi metodologici alio studio del latino arcaico. La sorte di M e D finali', at 151-2, shows that almost alone of Oscan cities, Pompeii sometimes abandons final M, under Latin influence, at the time of the Social War; a process of assimilation is evidently already taking place.
Capua:
The curse tablet, Vetter, no. 6, may belong after the Social War; it abandons final M on three out of twenty-six occasions, M. L. Porzio Gernia, MAL 197 3-4- Cumae:
The curse tablet, Vetter, no. 7, is conventionally placed between Sulla and Caesar; it is a strange mixture of Oscan and Latin.
MESSAPIC
C. de Simone, in H. Krahe, Die Sprache der Illyrier и, Wiesbaden, 1964, 36-7, discusses the possibility that Messapic survived for a time after the Social War.
IV. ITALIAN CALENDARS Ov. Fast. 111.87-98 (compare vi.59-63):
quod si forte vacas, peregrinos inspice fastos: mensis in his etiam nomine Martis erit. tertius Albanis, quintus fuit ille Faliscis, sextus apud populos, Hernica terra, tuos. inter Aricinos Albanaque tcmpora constat factaque Telegoni moenia celsa manu. quintum Laurentes, bis quintum Aequiculus acer,
a tribus hunc primum turba Curensis habet; et tibi cum proavis, miles Paeligne, Sabinis convenit: huic genti quartus utrique deus.
So if you happen to have time, look at foreign calendars: in these too there will be a month with the паше of Mars; it was the third month for the people of Alba, the fifth for the Falisci, the sixth for the Hernici; the people of Aricia and Alba have a calendar in common, just as they have high walls built by the hand of Telegonus; the Laurentes have Mars fifth, the fierce Aequi tenth, the people of Cures fourth; and the warriors of the Paeligni are in agreement with their Sabine ancestors, for Mars comes fourth in both cases.