P. Pensabene, MDAI(R) 82 (1975) 263-97 'Cippi funerari di Taranto', shows that at Tarentum traditional chamber and trench tombs virtually die out over the second and first centuries в.с.
id., ibid., 285-6, nn. no—18; M. W. Frederiksen, loc. cit.: square herms of local stone, first aniconic, then iconic, at Pompeii, Stabiae, Surrentum, Nuceria Alfaterna, replaced by marble cippi; the change seems, with Frederiksen, against Pensabene, significant. (The herms are illustrated in Un impegno per Pompei. Fotopiano e documenta^ione delta necropoli di Porta Nocera, Touring Club Italiano, 1983; V. Kockel, Die Grabbauten vor dem Herkulaner Tor in Pompeji, Mainz, 1983: the type appears in the second century b.c. and some examples may be as late as the last years of the town, 17-18.)
S. Diebner, DArch Terza serie, 1 (1983) 1, 63—78, 'Un gruppo di cinerari romani del Lazio meridionale':
square inscribed blocks with hole for ashes, covered with egg-shaped lids inscribed OSSA, from former Volscian territory, late Republic to early Empire.
G. D'Henry, in Samnium, Rome, 1991, 229-31, with earlier bibliography, eliminating Aesernia, where the lids are quite different and come in addition from a single tomb:
lids in the shape of money chests from Corfinium on the one hand and Amiternum and Foruli on the other hand.
For Etruria in general, see W. V. Harris, 177-80; G. Maetzke; T. Rasmussen; L. Cenciaioli; E. Mangani; A. Maggiani; M. Pandolfini; M. Nielsen, all cited in Appendix III; for Volsinii = Orvieto, see A. Andrĉn, IIsantuario delta necropoli di Cannicella ad Orvieto, Orvieto, 1968 3, nn. 4-5; Mostra degli scavi archeologici alia Cannicella di Orvieto. Campagna 1977, Orvieto, 1978, 103, for a cemetery that lasts just long enough to achieve a minimal presence of Arretine ware; for South Etruria, see E. di Paolo Colonna, in Studi G. Maetvjee hi, Rome, 1984, 513-26, 'Su una classe di monumenti funerari romani dell'meridionale'; F. Prayon, in Atti Sec.Cong.lnt.Etr. 1, Florence, 1989,441-9 'L'architettura funeraria etrusca.
grave stelae
La situazione attuale delle ricerche e problemi aperti', at 448-9, for stepped tombs drawing on earlier models and falling between the second century b.c. and Augustus.
VII. DIFFUSION OF ALIEN GRAVE STELAE G. Ciampoltrini, Prospettiva 30 (1982) 2-12 'Le stele fiinerarie d'eta imperiale dell'Etruria settentrionale': 'stele architettoniche', occurring largely between Luni and Florence, diffused under Augustus partly by veterans and partly by adoption of urban freedman ideology.
S. Diebner, DArcb Terza serie, 5 (1987) 1, 29-42 'Aspetti della scultura funeraria tra tarda repubblica ed impero':
intrusion of urban decorative motifs in Umbria and Sabina under Augustus and Julio-Claudians.
I. Valdiserri Paoletti, RAL 1980, 193-216 'Cippi funerari cilindrici dal territorio di Marruvium':
monuments mosdy of freedmen diffused from centre from late Republic to Augustus.
F. van Wonterghem, Forma Italiae rv, 1, Florence, 1984, 102-3: a portrait stela of two freedmen from Superaequum modelled on those of Rome.
L. Todisco, RAL, serie ottava, 42 (1987) 145-5 5, 'Leoni funerari di Luceria', with earlier bibliography at 149 n. 12 :
'sculture del genere ebbero ampia diffusione nell'architettura dell' Italia romanizzata, con cronologia che s fa oscillare tra perlomeno la meta del I secolo a.C. ed il II d.C.'
van Wonterghem, ActaArchLov 21 (1982) 99-125 'Monumento funerario di un tribunus militum a Corfinio':
distribution map of round mausolea modelled on those of Rome (including that of C. Utianius C.f. at Polla, Iltalm 1. 113, also discussed by F. Coarelli (n. 79))-
P. Pensabene, MDAI(R) 82 (1975) 263-97 'Cippi funerari di Taranto': appearance of portrait cippi 25 b.c. to a.d. 50 in a Roman cemetery superimposed on the Greek one.
Chiesa, in Studi... A. Calderini... E. Paribeni in, Milan, 1956, 385-411 'Una classe di rilievi funerari romani a ritratti dell'Italia settentrionale:
a phenomenon surely to be explained in terms of diffusion from Rome to the Po valley rather than joint derivation from a 'tradizione italica'; see in general G. A. Mansuelli, ibid., 365-84 'Genesi e caratteri della stele funeraria padana'; Dr Maurizio Harari draws my attention to funerary beds of central Italian type in early imperial graves in the Lomellina.
989
(I find it extraordinarily hard to accept the view of V. Kockel, cited in Appendix VI, that the late first-century B.C. herms from Adria, illustrated in G. Fogolari and В. M. Scarfi, Adria antica, Venice, 1970, pi. 54, 1—2, are not the result of diffusion via migrants from the region of Pompeii; the herms from Petelia, published by A. Capano, Klcarchos 22 (1980) 15-69, 'Tombc romane da Strongoli', are admitted as a case of diffusion by Kockel, but are all of the very end of the first century and the second century a.d.)
I. DESCENDANTS OF AUGUSTUS AND LIVIA
Octavian (AUGUSTUS) . (1) Scribonia
I
Nero Caesar Drusus Caesar (d. 31) (d. 33)
Iulia a (1) Agrippa
Gaius Caesar Lucius Caesar Agrippa Postumus iulia = L Aemilius Pauitus Elder Agrippina = Germanicus (d.a.q4) (d.A.a2) (da.ai4) i (cos.a.o.1) i
Aemilia lepkla = M. Iunius SUanus J (cos. 19)
M. Silanus D. Silanus L. Silanus Iunia Lepida в С. Cassius Sevems Iunia Catvlna s L. Vitellius (cos. 46) (d. 64) (d. 48) (cos. 31) (cos. 48)
Gaius hunger Agrippina = Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus Drusilla = (1) L. Cassius Longinus (cos. 30) Iulia LMIIa = M. Vinidus (d. 46)
Livia Ocellina
i
(adopts) j
Ser. Sulpicius GALBA
s distantly related to
CALIGULA , (cos. 32) = (2) M. Aemilius Lepidus (d. 41)
: (2) Uvia
TIBERIUS = (1) Vlpsanla = (2) Iulia Nero Claudius Drusus a Younger Antonia I (cos. 9 ac.) I
Germanicus CLAUDIUS Uvilla
Iulia = Rubellius Blandus Tiberius Gemellus I (cos. 18) (d. 37)
Rubellius Pfautus (d.62)
II. DESCENDANTS OF AUGUSTUS* SISTER OCTAVIA AND MARK ANTONY
Octavia - M. Antonius
Elder Antonia = L Domitius Ahenobarbus ('39 ВС) I (cos. 16 ВС)
Younger Antonia = Nero Claudius Drusus ("36 ас.) (cos. 9 B.C.)
Domitia • Sallustius Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus - Younger Agrippina Domitia Lepida * (IIM. Valerius Messalla Barbatus
Pasaienus (cos. 32) Crispus (cos. 27,44)
■ (2) Faustus Sulla (cos. 31)
»(3) C. Appius lunius Silanus (cos. 28)
NERO
Messallina - CLAUDIUS
Faustus Sulla Felix (cos. 52)