45 On the ideology of civilitas, Wallace-Hadrill 1982 (d 21).
50 Ov. Fast. v.129, 147-8; Suet. Aug. 31.4; Niebling 1956 (f 190) 324-5.
64 lltal xiii.2, p. 45 2. The restoration of'shrine' is controversial, but see Guarducci 1971 (f i 5 3). There was already a ramp linking the old temple of Vesta to the Palatine: Coarelli 1983-5 (e 19)1 237, 248,11 156.
70 Treggiari 1969 (f 68) 11 ff.
ii. augustus' procedural reforms
Iulius Caesar, during his dictatorship, allegedly contemplated a complete codification of Roman private law; his attempts at legal reform, though never carried out, thus looked mainly to substantive law.9 By contrast, three times during his long reign Augustus refused to accept any general grant of power to re-order the law and morals of the Roman people (cura legum et morum)\w instead, he concentrated on careful
Cf. Frier 198) (f 652) 2j2-7.
In addition to the Digest, the main juristic sources for Roman private law are collected in FIR A 11. For a survey of surviving legal texts, see Schiller 1978 (f 689) 28-62.
' Suet. lul. 44.2; Isid. Etjm. j.1.5.
10 Augustus, RG 6.1; but contrast Suet. Aug. 27.5, and Dio liv.io.j. It appears that Augustus only declined the express power; cf. Schiller 1978 (f 689) 467-8. On Augustus' moral legislation, see below at n. 76.
11 See Kaser 1966 (f 661) 115-16, with further literature; for references, see Acta 1945 (в i) 1438. The Lex Irnitana, a Flavian municipal charter from Spain, provides major new information on this law; it also may show that the Lex lulia was supplemented by a second law extending Roman procedure to municipalities, see Gai. Inst, iv.50, with Gonzalez 1986 (в 235) 150.
52 Sabinus' three-book ius civile was annotated by Aristo, then commented on by Pomponius (in thirty-five books), Paul (sixteen) and Ulpian (fifty-one, but incomplete).
84 Kaser 1966 (f 661) 339—49. The expression does not occur in sources until the middle of the second century a.d.
4. law
Allison, J. E. and Cloud, J. D. 'The lex lulia maiestatis', Latomus 21 (1962) 711-31
Astolfi, R. I'Libri Tres Iuris Civilis' di Sabino. Padua, 1983
Atkinson, К. M. T. 'The education of the lawyer in ancient Rome', Tbe South African Law Journal 87 (1970) 31—59
Bauman, R. A. The Crimen Maiestatis in the Roman Republic and Augustan Principate. Johannesburg, 1967
Bauman, R. A. Impietas in Principem. Munich, 1974
Bauman, R. A. Lawyers in Roman Transitional Politics. Munich, 1985
Bauman, R. A. Lawyers and Politics in the Early Roman Empire: a Study of Relations Between the Roman Jurists and the Emperors from Augustus to Hadrian (Miinchener Beitrage zur Papyrusforschung und antiken Rechtsgeschichte, 82), Part 1, chs. 1 and 2. Munich, 1989
Brunt, P. A. 'The legal issue in Cicero, pro Balbo', CQ n.s. 32(1982) 136-47
Buckland, W. W. The Roman Law of Slavery. Tbe Condition of the Slave in Private Law from Augustus to Justinian. Cambridge, 1908; repr. 1970
Buckland, W. W. A Textbook of Roman Lawfrom Augustus to Justinian. 3 rd edn revised by P. Stein. Cambridge, 1966
Cancelli, F. 'II presunto "ius respondendi" istituito da Augusto', BIDR
('987) 5-31
Champlin, E. 'Pegasus', ZPE 32 (1978) 269-78
[1] Dio xlvii.18.3-19.3; cf. Weinstock 1971 (f 233) 386-98; Wallman 1989 (c 243) 52-8.
[2] Brunt 1971 (a 9) 484-3; Botermann 1968 (c 36) 181-204.
[3] Plut. Brut. 28.1, Ant. 22.6, probably right on chronology and responsibility; cf. esp. Dio xl vii.24.3-6.
[4] Plut. Brut. 28.3 and Dio x1.v11.25.1—2 agree that this march began after C. Antonius' death, but the chronology is very insecure.
[5] Cf. App. BCiv. iv.63.270-1; Dio xlvii.32.1; Plut. Brut. 28.3. So long a winter march is hard to believe, but the sources clearly connect the beginning of the march with news of the proscriptions and related events; there does not in any case seem time for it in late summer or autumn 43; yet it cannot have been as late as spring 42, for that would not leave time for the campaigns in southern Asia Minor.
' Brunt 1971 (a 9) 485—8; Botermann 1968 (c 36) 204-11.
[7] App. BCiv. iv.65.276-7; cf, Plut. Brut. 28.3-5; contrast Dio xlvii.32, defensively stressing their unanimity.
[8] Cf. esp. App. BCiv. iv. 108.454; Brunt 1971 (a 9) 487.
[9] App. BCiv. iv.135.568-136.576, v.2.4-9; Dio xlvii.49.3-4; Brunt 1971 (a 9) 488.
[9] App. BCn>. v.j.12 and Dio XLViii.1.3 (cf. XLvm.22.2) suggest some equivocation.
[10] Cf. Brant 1971 (a 9) 493-7.
[11] "... Galliaque quae semper praesidet atque praesedit huic imperio', Gc. Pbil. v. 3 7; cf. esp. Pbtf. v.j, xii.9, 13, xiii.37.
[12] App. BCb. v.31.121 with AfRR 11 393. 19 App. BCb. iv.59.257, 63.171, 88.375, 99.414
20 Plut. Ant. 23. 21 Joseph. A J xiv.301-4; cf. Buchheim i960 (c 49) 11-12.
Plut. Ant. 24.4 with Pelling 1988 (в 138) ad be.
App. BCb. v. 5.21 makes Antony claim that he needs 'money, land and cities' for twenty-eight
legions, comprising 170,000 men )ита twv awraooofUvcov: there were also the cavalry and 'another
mass of another army'. The figure 170,000 may be realistic for the total of triumviral troops, including those in the West (01 avtnaaaofuvoi ?), owed money, land, or both: but 'another mass of another army' is obscure. Cf. esp. Brunt 1971 (a 9) 489-94, Keppie 1983 (e 65) 60-1.
[18] App. BCb. v.6.27. 25 Broughton 1938 (e 821) 562-4 estimated it as 1,600 talents.
26 Cf. App. BCiv. v.6.27.
[20] Virg. Eel. ix.28. On the settlements cf. esp. Gabba 1970 (в ; 5) lix-lxviii, 1971 (c 93); Brunt 1971 (a 9) 290-1,294-300, 328-31,342-4; Schneider 1977(0231) 213-28; Keppie 1983 (e 65) 58—69, 87-133, and (on Cremona) 190-2.
[21] App. BCiv. v.i9.7j;cf. Plut. Ant. 30.1. But the role of Fulvia remains hard to estimate; she was dead by the time of the Brundisium treaty, and by then, as Dio xlvin.28.3 shrewdly remarks, it was in everyone's interest to blame her for the war.
[22] App. BCip. v.19.74, 30.118, 39.159-61, 43.179-80; cf. Dio xLvin.13.6; Suet. Aug. 12.1 (misdating).