That had been agreed at Brundisium (see above, p. 18). The strong stress in the tradition that Ventidius had already avenged Crassus (Plut. Ant. 34.3; Dio хых.21.2; Val. Max. vi.9.9; Flor. 11.19.7; Tac. Germ, xxxvn.4) probably reflects an idea contemporary with the events themselves, and one which Octavian would have found welcome: cf. Buchheim i960 (c 49) 39; Timpe 1962 (c 236) 114-19; Wallmann 1989 (c 243) 236, 238-9, 263-4.
[81] The city's site is uncertain: according to Dellius (cit. Strab. xi.i 3.1-4 (523С)) it was 2,400 stades, i.e. some 480 km, from the Armenian border. Its conventional location at Taht-i-Soleiman is not at all likely, and it was probably much further east, near Maragheh. Cf. Schippman 1971 (F220) 338-47; Bengtson 1974 (c 22) 29—30. Much of the standard topographical reconstruction of this campaign is in need of correction (it is mainly still based on Rawlinson 1841 (e 866) 113-17): cf. now Sherwin-White 1984 (a 89) 311-21 and Pelling 1988 (в 138) 220-43.
Plut Ant. 38.4; Arr. Parti, fr. 95R.
[83] Veil. Pat. 11.82.2; cf. Livy, Per. 150; Plut. Ant. 38.5 (10,000 men).
[84] Plut Ant. 38.6; Dio xux.25.4; cf. below, p. 38.
[85] Plut. Ant. 39, though the account has implausible elements: cf. Pelling 1988 (в 158) ad he.
[86] It is embellished by Plutarch (cf. Pelling 1988 (в 158) 221), but perhaps originates with Dellius: so Jacoby on FGrH 197 f 1.
[87] Presumably the western rather than the eastern foothills, if Phraata was near Maragheh (cf. n. 152): cf. the map in Pelling 1988 (в 138) 230; Sherwin-White 1984 (a 89) 318 and n.53.
[88] Plut. Ant. 50.1, 51.1, cf. Veil. Pat. 1.82.3; Flor- i-го ю; Livy, Per. 130.
[89] App BCiv. v.99.414, 112.470. 161 App. BCiv. v.99.414.
162 Dio xlix.ii; cf. App. BCiv. v.132.547. Octavian had spent some time there in 38. Dio
xlviii.46.2-3. 163 See above, p. 24.
164 Flor. 11.18.9; З00 fought at Naulochus (App. BCiv. v.i 18.490, 120.499). Cf. Brunt 1971 (a 9)
507-8, Hadas 1930(0. 108) 123. 165 Dio xLvin.46.2.
166 Cf. App. BCiv. v.98.406, 104.450-2; Veil. Pat. 11.80.1; Brunt 1971 (a 9) 499.
[95] App. BCiv. V.137.J71, 138.574.
[96] There was a popular demonstration against Titius, Veil. Pat. 11.79.6.
[97] Dio l.i.4; cf. App. BCiv. v.i27.525.
[98] Dio XLvm.30.5-6. Titius was later unfairly represented as Sextus' personal enemy: cf. App. BCiv. v.140.584 with Gabba 1970 (в 55) ad loc., 142.589-90. But Dio XLIX.18.3 more shrewdly suggests that Sextus had hopes of Titius' goodwill.
1,1 Dio XLIX.18.4—5 with Reinhold 1988 (в 150) ad loc.; App. BCiv. v. 144.598-600. But Velleius, as ever a faithful follower of Octavian's line, has no doubts: "iussu M Antonii', 11.79.5 (cf. 87.2).
[100] So Dio xlix.}}.}, possibly conjecturing, but intelligently.
[101] Cf. above, p. 30; Plut. Ant. 36.5 with Pelling 1988 (в 138) ad loc., 5 3.9-10, 54.3.
[102] Plut. Ant. 53.1.
[103] Despite the implications of Plut. Ant. 53.5-9: cf. Pelling 1988 (в 138) ad loc.
[104] App BCiv. v.138.575 - unless these 'cavalry' are the same as the 200 'elite troops', cf. Gabba 1970 (в 55 )ad loc.
[105] See above, p. 26.
196 Their use against Sextus: cf. App. BCiv. v.98.406; Dio xlix. 1.1,5.1. Their return: App. BCiv. v.i29.5 37, 139.577; Dio xlix. 14.6.
[107] His attacks on this front probably began as early as winter 35/4; cf. Plut. Ant. 54.1.
[108] To stay in Athens: Plut. Ant. 53.2. To return to Rome: Dio xLix.33.4.
[109] Dio хых.40.3; Plut. Ant. 56.1: cf. below, p. 48.
[110] 'Octavian claimed that Antony's treacherous arrest had brought great discredit on the Roman people', Dio l.1.4: cf. Tac. Ann. ii.j.i with Goodyear's commentary; Veil. Pat. 11.82.5; Fadinger 1969 (в 42) 150-1. The emphasis on Artavasdes' treachery probably originates with Dellius: cf. Strab. xi.i j.4-6 (524C); Dio хых.25.5; Plut. Ant. 50.5-7 with Pelling 1988 (в 158) adloc.
[111] RRC 545, of about 52 B.C.
[112] Silver: Dio xlix.59.6. Gold: Veil. Pat. 11.82.5, with Woodmann 1985 (в 205) ad he. Cf. Dio
xlix.40.5. я» Cf. Versnel 1970 (a 97), especially 20-58, 255-54, 288-9.
[114] That is the emphasis of Plut. Ant. 50.6-7; cf. Veil. Pat.11.82.4 with Woodmann 1985 (в 205)0/ loc.-. Grant 1974 (c 101) 161-2; Reinhold 1988 (в 150) on Dio xux.40.5-4; Wallmann 1989 (c 243)
288-91. 207 As Dio xux.40-1 implies.
[116] Plut. Ant. 54.8, with Pelling 1988 (в 138) adlot.
[117] Pelling 1988 (в 138) 249-50, on Plut. Ant. 54.4-9 (contra, Wallmann 1989(0 243) 291-6). Even the association of Caesarion in the monarchy was not new: that dates back to 37-36 (Samuel 1971 (c 206)).
[118] Dio xux.41.6, cf. Suet. Aug. 28.1. This offer may have been included in the dispatch to the Senate which arrived in early 32 (see below, p. 49); so e.g. Fadinger 1969 (в 42) 119-28, 195-206; Gray 1975 (c 102) 17-18; but Dio's language does not fix it so precisely.
[119] Especially RRC 543, the ARMENIA DEVICTA coin (see above, p. 40), but also some more minor local issues: cf. Buttrey 195 3 (в 314) 54—86 (esp. 84), 95; Wallmann 1989 (c 243) 2; 1-2, 255.
[120] RRC 541: cf. Wallmann 1989 (c 243) 251-2. 213 Dio xlix.41.4. 214 Dio ibid.
215 Scott 1933 (c 212) collects the material; for subtler treatment, with illuminating modem
parallels, cf. Kennedy 1984 (c 134), Watson 1987 (в 192) and especially Wallmann 1989 (c 243). On
artistic questions Zanker 1987 (p 632) is outstanding.
[124] Battle-record: Suet. Aug. 10.4, 16.г; cf. Charlesworth 1955 (c 60) 174-j. Lepidus, Sicily and
settlements: Plut. Ant. 5 j; cf. Dio l.1.5-4, 20.2-3. Apolline banquet: Suet. Aug. 69.1, 63.2, 70; cf. Charlesworth 1933 (c 60); Wallmann 1989 (c 243) esp. 268-74. 222 Suet. Aug. 69.2.
[126] Suet. Aug. 71. 224 Pliny, HN xiv.148; cf. Scott 1929 (c 211); Geiger 1980 (c 96).
225 This punctuation and interpretation is clearly right: cf. Kraft 1967 (c 140) and Carter 1982
(в 24) ad loc.
[129] Hercules and Omphale: the Arretine cup in the Metropolitan Museum, New York (CVA Metr. Mus. iv в f PI. 24): Zanker 1987 (f 632)65-7. Cf. Prop. hi. i i. 16-20; Plut. Ant. 90(3).4.Coins:
Zanker 1987 (f 632) 61-5; cf. Wallmann 1989 (c 243) 273-4 and (on Apollo) Mannsperger 1973 (c 171). 227 See above, p. 17. Cf. Wallmann 1989 (c 243) 151-2, 159-61, 219-20, 339-43.
[131] Cf. САН ix2 471-8. 229 Suet. Jul. 52.2; cf. DioxLix.41.2, l.i.5.