230 Britain: Dio xlix.38.2 with Reinhold 1988 (в 150) ad toe.-, Virg. G. 1.30, 111.25; Hor. Epod.
vii. 7. The temple was not finished till 29 b.c., though celebrated on coins as early as 36 (RRC 540; cf. Weinstock 1971 (f 235) 399—400; Zanker 1987 (f 632) 44).
[134] Я/в/XIII i 342-3, 369-60.
2,2 On all this cf. below, pp. 785-9, and Shipley 1931 (f 571), Zanker 1987 (f 632), 73-80.
[136] For the details, Roddaz 1984 (c 200) 148-52.
[137] Dio xlix.42-3 with Reinhold 1988 (в 150) ad /ос.; cf. Roddaz 1984 (c 200) 145-57.
[138] Dio xlix.43.3. 246 Suet. Aug. 95. 247 Dio xlvin.43.4.
Suet. Aug. 72, with Carter 1982 (в 24) ad loc. He acquired the house in 42/1.
Dio xlix.43.5. 250 Plut. Ant. 56.1; cf. Dio xlix.40.2, see above, p. 40; Brunt 1971 (a 9)
504. 251 Dio xlix.44.2. 252 Plut. Ant. 53.12. 253 See Endnote, p. 67. 254 See above, pp. 26-7.
[142] Syme 1959 (a 9}) 278 and others state that there were more than 300: this is because RG 25.3 claims 'more than 700 senators' serving under Octavian's colours in the Actium war, and the
Senate's total strength was more than 1,000. The inference is most precarious.
2" Plut. Ant. 56.1-3; cf. ZPE 14 (1974) 257-8, an inscription honouring Domitius as patron of
Ephesus and Samos.
Plut. Ant. 61 with Pelling 1988 (в 138)ad lot.; Brunt 1971 (a 9) 503-7. Most of those troops would have joined Antony by the spring of 32.
Brunt 1971 (a 9) 507, Levick 1967 (e 851) 58-60. Already in 38 some cohorts included 'many recruits from Syria', Joseph. A] xiv.449, 1-324. 264 Plut. Ant. 56.2, cf. 61.5.
2« Plut. Ant. j 6.6-5 7. i: doubtless elaborated, but some of the detail (e.g. the gift of Priene to the 'Artists of Dionysus') seems too circumstantial for sheer fiction. It was perhaps now that Antony also granted privileges to 'the worldwide association of victors at the festival games' (above, p. 11 and n. 31). 246 Plut. Ant. 56.2.
[149] Plut. Ant. 61 with Pelling 1988 (в 138) ad loc.-, Brunt 1971 (a 9) 501—7. Legend doubtless
exaggerated the superior size of Antony's ships (perhaps as early as Hor. Epod. 1.1-2), cf. e.g. Prop.
111.11.44, iv.6.47-50; Plut. Ant. 62.2; Veil. Pat. 11.84.1 with Woodman 1983 (в 203) ad he.: Octavian's were the massive galleys which had defeated Sextus in 36. But Antony's doubtless were
bigger still. 298 Dio L.7.3. 299 See above, p. 52.
*» Caes. BCiv. 3.7-8, 14, 23-6; cf. САН ix2 432. 301 САН ix2 432; see above, pp. 6-7.
[154] For the early stages of the Actium campaign cf. esp. Kromayer 1899 (c 144) 4-28.
[155] [Plut.] Мог. 207л.
[156] 'At hue frementes uerterunt bis mille equos|Galli canentes Caesarem' (Epod. ix. 17-18). That
Epcde seems to be a dramatic recreation of the moods of a spectator of the campaign: cf. Nisbet 1984 (в ! }2) 10-16. 307 Plut. Ant. 62.1, 63.8, 64.
301 The outstanding modern discussions of the battle are by Kromayer 1899(0 144); Tarn 1931 (c 232); and Carter 1970 (c 31). For further discussion and argument for the views presented here, cf. Pelling 1986 (c 186) and 1988 (в 138) 272-89, esp. 278-9.
[159] Kromayer 1899 (c 144) 30-2; Brunt 1971 (a 9) 508: Pelling 1988 (в 138) 268, 276, 287-8.
[160] Cleopatra Selene survived to marry Juba of Mauretania; Alexander Helios walked in the triumph of 29, but is not heard of after that and was probably murdered. Ptolemy Philadelphus is not mentioned at the triumph, and probably died even sooner.
[161] The same tradition is reflected by Flor. 11.21.9-10 and Oros. vi. 19.18. It probably owes its currency to Livy, who had a taste for such final scenes (cf. his Sophoniba, xxx. 12-15) and certainly dwelt on the importance to Cleopatra of the triumph (fr. 54, ou врюц/Зсиооцш).
[162] Cf. esp. Griffiths 1961 (c 105), Nisbet and Hubbard 1970 (в 133) on Hor. Carm. 1.37.
[163] I-37-
[164] Cf. esp. Nisbet and Hubbard 1970 (в 153) on Hor Carm. 1.37. It is often stated confidently that Octavian ordered or connived in her suicide; cf. e.g. Grant 1974 (c 101) 224-7; Huzar 1978 (c 122) 227; Syme 1939 (a 93) 298-9 is only a little more cautious.
[165] Dio Ы.17.4 with Reinhold 1988 (в 150) ad /ос.; Strab. xvn.1.52-3 (819Q.
could of course be removed then: a tawdry execution would not be necessary, but an accident might
happen a little later, or a wasting disease. These things could be managed.
[168] Though some may not: cf. Pelling 1988 (в 138), 318-23.
[169] 6-5 b.c. excerpt only; 4-3 b.c. no Dio at all; 2 в.с. begins with excerpt, becomes full again, but ends with excerpt; i b.c., a.d. i and ), excerpt only; a.d. 8, nothing except a scrap of excerpt at the end; a.d. 9, full Dio except for a gap after the 'Varian disaster', where there is only excerpt; summer a.d. 13 to summer a.d. 14, excerpt only.
s Millar 1964 (в 128) T02-i8; McKechnie 1981 (в 116); Espinosa Ruiz 1982 (c 84).
[171] Wallace-Hadriil 1983 (в 190) io-ij; Gascou 1984 (в 39) 390-6.
[172] Veil. Pat. 11.88-123, cd. Woodman 1983 (в 203), with commentary.
[173] E.g. Aufidius Bassus; Servilius Nonianus (on whom Syme in Hermes 92 (1964) 408-14 = Syme 1970 (в 178)91-109).
[174] Literature of the age discussed in ch. 19 below. 15 Dio li. 1.2. 16 Ch. 1 above, pp. J9-6J.
He will always be so named in this chapter, until he becomes Augustus.
Especially Sattler i960 (d 63) and Schmitthenner 1962 (c 305).
" A major politico-agrarian problem; see Brunt 1971 (a 9) 332—42.
20 N. Purcell, САН ix2, ch. 17.
[179] Strab. xvii.3.23 (840Q. 49 Suet. Aug. 7.2; Dio liii. 16.6-8.
Text of the copy from Aries, EJ2 22; picture, Earl 1968 (c 81) pi. 38.
Livy, Per. 134 gives also the change of the name of the month Sextilis to 'Augustus'; but other
evidence suggests a much later date for that change.
Gardthausen 1891 (c 93) 1 806. 53 Suet. Aug. 47.
[184] Schmitthenner 1962 (c 305). See also ch. 1 above and ch. 4 below.
[185] Syme 1986 (a 9j), chs. 15 and 16, and, on the prefecture of the city, esp. 211-12.
[186] 'Claiming that he did not understand the job-description', Tac. Ann. vi.i 1; 'Embarrassed by the job', Sen. Apocot. 10; 'Unconstitutional position', Jerome, Cbron. sub ann. 26.
[187] Roddaz 1984 (c 200) 3 39-51 has a full discussion; it is not in Dio. Essential now is EJ2 366, the
Greek fragment of Augustus' funeral oration for Agrippa, with the additional fragment published by Gronewald 1983 (в 370) 61-2. 74 Dio tin.32.3.
[189] Dio liii.32.5; Talbert 1984 (d 77) i6j.
[190] Tac. Arm. in.;6.2. 'Title of highest pre-eminence' must be an echo of an official description; the Greek for it can be seen in the oration for Agrippa, EJ2 366, lines 11-12.