[265] Respectively, Tit. Ulp. голо; Dig. 28.2.26.
[266] RG 8, j. The Greek version says 'i gave myself as an example'.
[267] They are influenced by Weinstock 1971 (f 235). See, e.g., Gros 1976 (f 397) esp. ch. 1; Zanker 1987 (p 632) 110-13; 115-
[268] Suet. Aug. 28.г; 98.2. 91 Mellor 197J (f 186). 92 Reynolds 1982 (в 270) nos. 7, 8 and 12.
93 Millar 1984(0 102). The 'Common Councils'certainly pre-existed, but they were turned into a
95 Simon 1986 (f j77) 97-103; Zanker 1987 (f 632) 135-8.
[271] Duthoy 1978 (e 57).
" Augustus was, besides pontifex maximus, a member of all the major priestly colleges; and their
role on the Ara Pacis is evident. 96 Kienast 1982 (c 156) 211, with n. 168.
[274] Coarelli 1985 (e 20) 129-55. 100 Suet. Aug. 72.1.
101 Wiseman 1994 (f 81) esp. 101-8. »» RC 54, 2.
[276] The Calendar for April 28, in EJ. 104 Dio lv. 12.4-5.
side, via the Forum Romanum.
I* Beginning with the grant of tribunician sacrosanctity to Livia and Octavia, the wives of the
triumvirs, in 55 B.C. 107 EJ2 61.
[280] Agrippa was offered a home there in 25 b.c., after Ms own had burnt down, Dio liii.27.5; but
it is not clear that that was more than temporary. 109 Suet. Aug. 64.3; Claud. 4.1-6.
[282] Wallace-Hadrill 1983 (в 190) 177-80; Kienast 1982 (c 136) 253-63.
1,1 Alfoldi 1971 (f 246) and 1980 (f 247).
[284] EJ2 68-9, and the material in n. 58 above.
[285] Consigliere 1978(064); Sutherland 1976(8 556); Levick 1982 (в 338); Wallace-Hadrill 1986 (в
1,5 Suet. Aug. 28.3. Carrara marble had just come into use. 116 Ov. Ars Am. iii.i 13.
[287] Campbell 1978 (d 172) esp. 15 5—4.
[288] Illuminated by the new bronze from Larinum, AE 1978, 145; see Levick 1985 (c 369).
[289] Julia: Macrob. Sat. n.j; Augustus, ibid. 11.4. 133 See ch. 19, below.
134 Vitr. De Areb. Praef. 2-5. Vitruvius was the only one to whom Augustus is known to have been direct patron.
[290] Raaflaub 1980 (c 190), and see ch. 4, below.
[291] Nero's remark, in the course of murdering Britannicus (Suet. Ner. j j.2), 'So I'm supposed to
[291] See the studies in the bibliography, л 82л.
[292] Plut. Лpophthegmata reg. et imp. 2070, то &шта(ш ttĵv xmdpxovaav.
[293] Strab. h.j.12 (118Q; xvi.4.22 (780C); xvii.i.53-4 (819-21C); Jameson 1968 (e 939), on the chronology and motives; cf. Bowersock 1983 (e 990J 46-7; Sidebotham 1986(0 311), >92-3; 1986(0 310) 120-4, 138-40; Desanges 1988 i(c 263) 4—7. On Roman commerce in the East, see Raschke 1978 (c 298) 650-76; Schmitthenner 1979 (c 306) 104-6.
' Aug. RG 26.5; Strab. xvi.4.23-4 (780-2Q; xvii. i. 5 3 (819Q; von Wissmann 1978 (c 326) 31318; Isaac 1980 (e 1015) 889-901; Bowersock 1983 (e 990) 46-9; Sidebotham 1986 (c 311); 1986 (c 310) 124-30; Desanges 1988 (c 263) 7—12.
[295] Strab. xi.2.11 (495C); x(i.j,29(5 56C); Hoben 1969(e 840)47-53; Sullivan i98o(e 879) 91 j-22; Roddaz 1984 (c 200) 463-8.
1! Strab. xn.3.29 (5 56C); xn.3.37 (5 59~6оС); Pani 1972(0295) 140-2; Cimma 1976(0 120)293, n. 8.
[297] Suet. Tib. 8; Dio lvii.17.3; Pani 1972 (c 295) 107-11.
[298] Dio lvii.17.4-5. Perhaps during Archelaus' trial; Romer 1985 (c 302) 76-84.
[299] Cf. Pani 1972 (c 295) 131-45; Sullivan 1980 (e 880) 1149-61; Romer 1985 (c 302) 84-100.
[300] Strab. xii.3.41 (562c). 24 Magie 1950 (e 853) 1283-4.
[301] Magic 1950 (e 853) 1303-4; Levick 1967 (e 851) 26-8; Hoben 1969 (e 840) 1 30-8.
[302] Dio LIII.26.J; Strab. xii.5.i (567Q; xn.6.j (569Q; xn.8.14 (577C); Levick 1967 (e 8ji) 30-2.
[303] Strab. xiv. j.6 (671Q; Dio Lrv.9.2.
[304] Magie 1950 (e 835) 465-6, 1328-9; Sherk 1980 (e 873) 960-1. » OGIS 532.
[305] Strab. xii.6.5 (569C); Tac. Arm. 111.48.2. Levick 1967 (e 85 i) 32-41, sees long-range design on
Augustus' part; cf. 203-14. 32 Dio Lv.28.3; Sherk 1980 (e 875) 970.
[307] References and discussion in Bowersock 1965 (c 39) 46-51, 57-8. On Commagene, see
Sullivan 1977 (e 878) 775-83. 34 Dio li.7.1-2, Lv.18.1.
[308] Just. Epit. xlii.j.6-9; Dio, liii.53.2; Aug. RG 52.1. Chronology is uncertain; cf. e.g.,
Debevoise 1938 (a 19) 136-7, Ziegler 1964 (c 327) 147, and, esp., Timpe 1975 (c 320) 157-60. On Tiridates' coinage, see Timpe, 1975 (c 320) 155-7. 54 Dio Liv.7, uv.9.1-3.
[310] Dio Li v.9.4—5; Veil. Pat. 11.94.4; Aug. RG, 27.2; Tac. Ann. 11.3; Strab. xvn.1.54 (821Q; Joseph. A] xv. 105.
и BMCRR, и nos. 301-8; cf. Hor. Epiit. 1.12.26-7; Veil. Pat. n.94.4;Chaimont 1976 (a 15)73-5.
[312] Aug. RG 29.2; Strab. xvi.1.18 (748-9C); Veil. Pat. 11.100.1; Oros. vi.21.24. Parthia's acknowledgment of Roman interest in Armenia: Suet. Aug. 21.3; cf. Veil. Pat. 11.100.1; Eutrop. vii.9. The Euphrates as boundary: Strab. xvi.1.28 (748Q. Hostages to Rome: Suet. Aug. 21.3; Eutrop. vn.9; Oros. vi. 21.29.
[313] Aug. RG 29.2; Dio liv.8.1—3; BMCRE Augustus, nos. 410, 412, 414—19, 421—3. The propaganda may be reflected also in the report that Phraates gave up the standards out of fear of a Roman invasion; Dio liv.8.i; Just. Epit. xui.5.10-11.
[314] Tac. Ann. 11.1; Strab. xvi.1.28 (748-9Q; Aug. RG 52.2; Veil. Pat. 11.94.4; Joseph. A J xviii. 41—2; Suet. Aug. 21.3. Cf. Braund 1984 (c 254) 12-13, rightly stressing that they should not be considered hostages.
[315] Dio Lv.9.4—j; Tac. Ann. 11.4. The record is sparse and frustrating on this period. Numismatic testimony helps only slightly; Chaumont 1976 (a 15) 75-7.
[316] Dio. lv.io.i8; Veil, Pat. 11.100.1.
[317] Aug. RG 27.2; Tac. Ann. 11.4; Veil. Pat. 11.102.2; Flor. 11.32; Dio Lv.ioa.5-7. See the
reconstructions of Chaumont 1976 (a i 5) 80-3, with numismatic testimony; Pani 1972 (c 295) 5 5
64; Cimma 1976 (d 120) 328—9.
[320] Aug. RG 33; Tac. Ann. 11.2; Joseph. A J xvni.43-6; cf. Suet. Tib. 16.
[321] Joseph. A J xviii.47-50; Tac. Ann. 11.2-4.
[322] The distribution of provinces in Dio mi.12.4-5; rf- Syme 1934 (c 313) 300. Augustus' announced resolve for subjugation: Dio ып.13.1. The ferocity of the foe: Strab. 111.4.17-18 (164- 5C); Oros. vi.21.8. The opening of the gates: Oros. vi.zi.i.
[323] Dio lin.26.5; cf. Flor. 11.33.53; Barnes 1974 (c 253) 21. 75 Suet. Aug. 85.1.
Aug. RG 26.2-3; cf. 29.1.
Livy, xxvin.12.12; Flor. 11.33.59; Vel1- Pat- n.90.2-4. 78 Suet. Aug. 26; Dio Lin.23.1.
[326] Dio liv.j.i-j. 87 Dio liv.: 1.2-6; cf. Roddaz 1984 (c 200) 402-10.
A minor rising was quelled in 16 b.c.; Dio liv.20.5.
Dio lrv.23.7, Liv.25.1, Liv.43.3; Aug. RG 12.2.
Dio XLVin.9.4; App. BCiv. iv. jj; Pliny, HN v.4.25.