The Augustan Empire 43 BC [Cambridge Ancient History- 10]

" Carthage: Dio Lii.43.1; App. Pta, 136; Grta: AE 1955, 202. « Dio Lin.12.4.

[331] Fasti Triumph, for the years 54, 33, 28, 21, 19.

[332] Virg. Aen. vi.792—j. The conquests of Balbus are recorded by Pliny, HN v.33-7. See the exhaustive reconstruction by Desanges 19)7(0 262) 1-43; cf. Romanelli 1959 (e 760) 176-81; Rachet 1970 (c 297) 70-4; Gutsfeld 1989 (e 742) 26-30.

[333] Cf. Romanelli 1959 (e 760) 186-7; Rachet 1970 (c 297) 74.

* Veil. Pat. 11.116.2; cf. ILS 120, 8966.

[335] Veil, Pat. 11.116.2; Flor. 11.31.40; Dio Lv.28.3-4; Oros. vi.21.18. L. Cornelius Lentulus may have been among the Roman generals who perished at the hands of the rebels; Just. Intl. 11.25. Sethi general, Romanelli 1959 (e 760) 181-6; Benabou 1976 (e 715) 61-5; Gutsfeld 1989 (e 742) 31-9.

[336] Dio Liv.22.1-2; cf. Flor. 11.22. ¹⁰⁸ Dio Liv.22.5-4; Veil. Pat. 11.95.i-2.

¹⁰⁹ Dio Liv.22.3-4; Veil. Pat. 11.95.1-2; Strab. iv.6.9 (206Q; Suet. Aug. 21; Tib. 9; Flor. 11.22;

Livy, Ptr. 138; Consolatio ad Uviam, 15-16,175, }8 j—6. Cf. the discussion of Christ 1957(0 259)416-

28; Waasdorp 1982/3 (e 639) 40-7; Schon 1986 (e 635) 43-56. A summary in Drack and Fellmann

1988 (e 608) 22-5. »0 Dio Liv.24.3. ¹¹¹ ILS 94. On his family, see Letta 1976 (c 283) 37-76.

[341] Strab. iv.6.9 (206Q. For the occupation and administration of Raetia, see Wells 1972 (e 601) 67-89; Overbeck 1976 (e 633) 668-72; Laffi 1975-6 (e 627) 406-20.

^1,3 Dio Liv.20.2; Strab. tv.6.8-9 (206Q; Flor. 11.22 (inaccurate).

[343] Veil. Pat. 11.39.}; Dio, Liv.20.2; Festus, Brev. 7. Alfoldy 1974 (E652) 5 2-6, is too confident in setting annexation in 15 b.c.; so also Winkler 1977 (e 709) 197-9; Kienast 1982 (c 136) 297. By contrast, Kneissl 1979 (c 280) 261-72, goes too far in denying any occupation before Claudius.

[344] See, esp., Kraft 1973 (a 53) 1,181-208; cf. also Wells 1972 (e 601) 70; Kienast 1982(0 136)297.

[345] Cf. van Berchem 1968 (e 605) 8-9; Christ 1977 (c 260) 188-9.

[346] Christ 1957 (c 239) 425-7. ^I1S Hor. Carm. iv.4.17-18, rv.14.7-19.

Consolatio ad Liviam 15-16, 175, 384-6. ¹²⁰ Pliny, HN111.136-8. ¹²¹ Aug. RG 26.3.

[348] VeU. Pat. п.78.2. ¹²³ App. BCiv. v.128.

¹²⁴ App. 111. 12-13, 15, 18; BCiv. v.145; cf. Dio xlix.34.2. ¹²⁵ Dio xlix.36.1

¹²⁶ App. III. 16, 27; Suet. Aug. 20; Pliny, HN vn.148; Flor. 11.23; Dio xlix.35.2.

[350] Announcement of tribes subjugated: App. III. 16-17. The standards: App. III. 28; cf. Dio xux.43.8. Honours for Livia and Octavia: Dio xlix.38.1. The political implications are rightly noted by Schmitthenner 1958 (c 304) 218-20, 231—3. Useful summaries of the campaigns can be found in Mocsy 1962 (e 675) ; 38—9; Wilkes 1969 (e 706) 49-57. Further bibliography in Roddaz 1984 (c 200) 140-5.

[351] The campaigns are recorded in detail by Dio li.23—7; cf. Flor. 11.26; Livy, Per. 134-5; Danov

[351] Veil. Pat. 11.96.2; Flor. 11.24.8; Dio uv.28.1.

[352] Dio liv.} 1.2-4, "v.54.j; Veil. Pat. 11.96.3; Flor. 11.24.8; Suet. Tib. 9; Festus, Brev. 7;Frontin. Str. ii. i. 15.

[353] Veil. Pat. 11.98.1-2; Dio uv.34.3-7; Flor. 11.27; Danov 1979 (e 660) 129-31. On Roman connexions with friendly Thracian dynasts, see Sullivan 1979 (e 698) 189-204.

[354] Dio lrv.34.4.

[355] Aug. RG 30.1; Diouv.36.2, Lv.2.4; cf. VelL Pat. 11.90.1. On the operations from 16 to 9 B.C., see Syme 1971 (e 702) 18-22; Mocsy 1962 (e 673) 340-1; Wilkes 1969 (e 706) 63-5.

[356] Appuleius: Cassiod. Cbron. 11.3;; Ahenobarbus: Dio Lv.ioa.2; Tac. Ann. iv.44; M. Vinicius (?): ILS 8965; cf. Syme 1971 (e 702) 26-59; Mocsy 1962 (e67j) 543-4; Aelius Catus: Strab. vii.3.10 (303C); Lentulus: Flor. 11.28-9; Tac. Ann. iv.44; Aug. RG 31.2; Syme 1971 (e 702) 40-72.

[357] Dio Lv.29.3, Lv.30.4; Syme 1971 (e 702) jo-8.

[358] Aug. RG 50.2; Strab. vii.3.11, vii.3.13 (304-5Q. Defeat of the Dacians may have been spurred by a Dacian invasion of 10 B.c.; Dio Liv.36.2.

¹⁴⁵ Suet. Tib. 16.Fortheoriginsandoccasionoftheconflict,seeDioLV.28.7,Lv.29.3,Lvi.16.3. A less satisfactory account in Veil. Pat. 11.109.5-110.5. Cf. Dyson 1971 (a 25) 250-3.

[360] Dio lv.29.3—31.4, Lv.34.3; Veil. Pat. ii.i 10.5—112.2.

[361] Veil. Pat. ii.i 12.3-6; Dio lv.33.3. Veil. Pat. 11.113.1-3.

¹⁴⁷ So Koestermann 1933 (c 281) 362-3. ¹⁴⁸ Veil. Pat. 11.114.4; Dio lv.33.1-2, lv.54.4-7.

[363] Dio Liv.25.1.

[364] For the archaeological evidence - which cannot fix specific dates - see Wells 1972 (e 601) 94148; cf. Schonberger 1969 (e 591) 144-7.

[365] On Augustus' activities in Gaul, see Frei-Stolba 1976 (e 615) 355-65. ¹⁶⁶ Dio uv.25.1.

¹⁶¹ Livy, Per. 139; Dio Liv.32.1; ILS 212.11, lines 36-9; Timpe 1975 (c 321) 142; Dyson 1975 (c

266) 155—6.

[368] T)io Liv.32.1-3; Livy, Per. 139. The campaign probably included a defeat of the Bructeri on the Ems; Strab. vn.1.3 (290Q.

[369] Dio uv.j). 1-5; Livy, Per. 140; Flor. 11.30.23; Suet. Claud. 2.1. On Haltern, see Wells I972 (e 601) 163—211.

[370] DioLtv.36.3-4;Oros.vi.21.ij;Livy,Prr. 141.AspeculativereconstructionbyTimpe 1967(0 316) 296-300.

[371] Dio lv.1.2-j; Flor. 11.30.23-7; Strab. vii.1.3 (291C); Livy, Per. 141; Suet. Claud. 1.2.

[372] Dio Lv.1.3; cf. Suet. Claud. 1.2. On the tale and its significance, see Timpe 1967 (c 316)

289-306. ¹⁷³ Dio lv.2.1-3; Livy, Per. 142; Suet. Claud. 1.3-j; Tac. Ann. 11.7.

[374] Dio uv.33.4; Flor. 11.30.26.

[375] Schonberger 1969 (e 591) 147-9; Wells 1972 (e6oi) 161-233.

[376] Dio lv.6.2-3; Suet. Aug. 21; Tib. 9; cf. Tac. Am. 11.26, xn.39.

[377] As, e.g., Wells 1972 (e 601) 46-7; Kienast 1982 (c ij6) }oo-i.

[378] Veil. Pat. 11.97.4; Flor. n.30.29-30. Florus' claim, 11.30.22, that Augustus sought to make Germany a province in order to honour Julius Caesar is not to be taken seriously.

[379] Dio lvi.i8.i; cf. Christ 1977 (c 260) 189-98.

[380] Tac. Am. 1.39,1.57.2. '⁸< Dio Lv.8.3.

[381] Veil. Pat. 11.108.2-109.4; Strab. vii.1.3 (290C).

^1,1 Veil. Pat. 11.109.5; cf. Tac. Ann. 11.46. ¹⁵² Veil. Pat. 11.110.1-3; Dio lv.28.7.

^1,3 Tac. Am. 11.46,11.65. ¹⁹⁴ Tac. Ann. 11.26; cf. 11.45.

¹⁹⁵ Dio lvi. 18.1-2. On this passage, see the astute remarks of Christ 1977(0 260) 194-8, as against

Timpe 1967 (c 317) 288-90; 1970(0 319) 81-90.

1* Veil. Pat. 11.117.2. For his relationship to the imperial family, PKoln 1.10, AE 1966, 425.

^m Dio lvi.18.3; Veil. Pat. 11.117.2-118.1; Flor. 11.30.31.

[388] Epirote Nicopolis: Strab. vh.7.j-6 (524-5С); x.2.2 (450C); Pliny, HN tv.1.5; Paus. x.38.4; Dio li.1.2-}, liii.1.4—5; Suet. Aug. 18; the inscription: Oliver 1969 (в 259) 178—82; Carter 1977 (в 216) 227-30; Alexandrian Nicopolis: Strab. xvii.i.io (795C); Dio li.18.1; see Hanson 1980 (c 116)