[425] Timarchus: Tac. Алл. xv.20
[426] Problems in the provinces: confiscations in Africa: Pliny, HN xvni.7.55. For Judaea, see ch. 14Л. Bullion shortage: Sutherland 1987(8 358) ch. 40.
[427] The narrative sources for a.d. 68 are unsatisfactory: we cannot even be certain that Vindex's province was Lugdunensis, Suet. Ner. 40-50; Plut. Ga/ba; and Dio LXii(Lxm).22-Lxm.}. On the numismatic evidence, see Sutherland 1987 (в 558) chs. 41-6; Zehnacker 1987 (в 564). For Vindex's coin issues, see GCN 70 (cf. MW 27): SALVS GENERIS HVMANI; SPQR; MARS VLTOR; SIGNA POPVLI ROMANI; HERCVLES ADSERTOR; ROMA REST1TVTA; 1VPPITER LIBERATOR. For Galba's coins, see GCN 72 (cf. MW 25-6): LIBERTAS P.R.; GENIO P.R.; CONCORDIA HISPANIARVM ETGALLIARVM; VICTORIA P.R.
For discussions of the end of Nero's reign, Griffin 1984 (c 352); Reece 1969 (c 387); Warmington 1969 (c 409) ch. 13. The 'native revolt' interpretation of Vindex's uprising can still be found; Dyson 1971 (a 25). Galba's supporters are discussed in Syme 1982 (c 400). There is a readable biography of Galba in French; Sancery 1983 (c 390).
[427] On the difficulties of evaluating the tradition about Vesontio, see Brunt 1959(0 354); Daly 1975 (c 342); Levick 1985 (c 370). Cassius Dio's account is at lxii(lxiii).24. Rufus' epitaph (Pliny, Ep. vi.10.4; cf. 11.1):
Hie situs est Rufus, pulso qui Vindice quondam imperium adseruit non sibi sed patriae.
[428] For Vespasian's supporters, see Townend 1961 (c 404); Nicols 1978 (c 381); Gallivan 1981 (c 547); Jones 1984 (c 360); Wallace 1987 (c 407). See also following note.
[429] On the fighting in Italy and Rome in a.d. 69, see Tac. Hist, in; Suet. Dom. i.2f. For the destruction of the Capitol, Murison 1979 (c 578); Wellesley 1981 (c 415). On Domitian's role, Waters 1964 (c 410) is still sensible.
,J The lex de imperio-. ILS 244= MW 1 = AN 293; cf. Brunt 1977 (c 335).
[431] Slightly differing versions in: Suet. Vesp. 3-4 and 14; Tit. 2; Tac. Ann. xvi.5; Dio lxxi.ii; cf. Gascou 1984(8 39) 323-6.
[432] Chantraine 1967 (d 9); Weaver 1972 (d 22); Boulvert 1970 (d 6) and 1974 (d 7).
[433] Pflaum 1960-1 (d 59); cf. Brunt 1983 (d 26).
[434] Syme's prosopographical work is informed by tacit understanding of the nature of the imperial court; for a rare statement, Syme 1939 (a 93) 385.
[435] Dio Liii.19. 5 Syme 1938 (в 176) 206 and passim; cf. Ginsburg 1981 (в 6i).
[436] For criticism of use of anecdotes, see Sailer 1980 (в 156).
[437] So explicitly Momigliano 1954 (c 577) xiii.
[438] See (for a later period) the fundamental analysis of N. Elias, The Court Society (English trans, hv E. Jephcottof Die bofiscbe GescUscbaft, 1969) (Oxford, 1985).
[439] Friedlander 1922 (a 30) 1. 33—103 remains the best discussion of the court as social
[440] See Carettoni 1983 (f 316); Zanker 1983 (f 630); Coarelli 1981 (p 332) 129-34.
[441] Millar 1977 (a 59) 61-6; Turcan 1987 (d 20) 76ff. 28 Joseph. A] xix. 1.117.
Asc. Scaur. 27c; Pliny, HN xvn.5.
On the Domus Aurea and its extent, see Griffin 1984(0 352) 134-42; further Frezouls 1987(0
n). 31 Giuliani 1982 (f 387) 246-54 on structures beneath Domitian's palace.
[445] D'Arms 1970 (e 30) 73-11 j.
[446] For imperial ceremonial, Friedlander 1922 (a 30) 1. 90-103; Alfoldi 1934 (d i); for republican
practice, Kroll 1933 (a 54) 11. 59-81. 34 Suet. Aug. 45 and 72; Pliny, HN xxxvi.6o.
[448] Epictetus, Diss. 1.19.16-23. 36 leaver 1972 (d 22) 90-2, 212—23.
For hellenistic court hierarchy, Corradi 1929 (a i8),Mooren 1977(0 16); for analysis of status
dissonance, Herman 1980-1 (d 12).
[451] Friedlander 1922 (a 30) 1. 76f; Bang 1921 (d 5); Crook 1955 (d 10) 21-30.
[452] Wallace-Hadrill 1982 (d 21).
[453] Friedlander 1922 (a 50) i.goff. (imperial receptions), 140Й(aristocratic receptions); Sailer 1982
(f 59) i28f; Turcan 1987 (d 20) 1 jzfF. 41 Seneca Ben. vi.34.2; contra, Alfoldi 1934 (d i) 28.
[455] Suet. Vesp. 21; Millar 1977 (a 59) 209^ cf. Pliny, Ep. hi.5.9 with Sherwin-White ad loc.; cf. Wilcken 1912 (в 389) no. 41 for the cmmentarii of a local strategos'm Egypt, the fullest of the handful of such documents to survive.
[456] Suet. Calig. 52. Alfoldi 1935 (d 2) lays too much emphasis on exceptions.
[457] Crook 1955 (d 10) 4-7, 22—4; Millar 1977 (a 59) 110-18; Amarelli 1983 (d 4); Turcan 1987 (d 20) i43ff.
[458] Busy: e.g. Sen. Ben. 1.27.2, Pliny, Ep. 111.5.7, Epictetus, Diss. 1.10.9. Held in awe: Tac. Dial. viii. 3; Pliny, Ep. 1.18.3.
[459] Crook 19 5 5 (d i o) 104 and passim. Augustus may have planned something more formaclass="underline" p. 3 31 (below).
[459] Philo, Leg. 175, cf. Millar 1977 (a 59) 74.
[460] Millar 1977 (a 59) 112; Wallace-Hadrill 1982 (d 21) 40.
Zanker 1988 (f 63 3) ch. 7 on the court circle as model for taste. On the parallel role of courts in
the evolution of European culture, see Elias, Court Society, esp 25 8ff.
[463] Suet. Gram. 17 (Verrius Flaccus); Suet. Claud. 32, cf. Tac. Ann. xiu.16. Friedlander 1922 (a 30)
[464] Tac. Ann. xvi.j; cf. Warmington 1969 (c 409) i69f.
[464] Tac. Ann. xiii. 16. See Elias, Court Society, 104ft on observation at court.
[465] Tac. Ann. in. 5 4. i.
[466] Griffin 1976 (в 71) izyf on the context of the Apocolocyntosis.
[467] So Elias, Court Society, 78ff. « Wallace-Hadrill 1982 (d 21).
75 Epictetus, Diss. iv.i.60; cf. Millar 1965 (d 14). 76 Diss. iv.7. 77 Diss. 1.10.
[468] Stat. Silt. iii.5.6}f, cf. Weaver 1972 (d 22) 28^.
[469] C. Given-Wilson, The Royal Household and the King's Affinity. Service, Politics and Finance in England 1Ĵ60—141Ĵ (New Haven-London, 1986), ;8f.
[470] Tac. Ann. xiii.4; Pavis d'Escurac 1987 (d 18).
[471] Suet. Tib. 42.2; CIL vi 8619 (Ianuarius Aug. lib.), 'ad splendidam voluptatum statio[nem
[472] Suet. Tib. 61.6. « Suet. Vesp. 3 and 21; Dio Lxvi.14.
» Sailer 1982 (p 59) 73ff; Wallace-Hadrill 1989 (f 75) 78ff.
[474] See Millar 1977 (a 59) 27jff; Brunt 1983 (d 26); Demougin 1988 (d 37).
[475] Tac. Ann. 1.7; Suet. Claud. 28; cf. Tac. Ann. xvi.17 on the 'praepostera ambitio' of Annaeus
Mela. 105 Hopkins 1983 (a 46) i76ff.
[476] Hopkins 198} (a 46) 171; Elias, Court Society, 169(1.
[477] Tac. Ann. xii. 1; cf. Crook 195 j (d 10) 42.
[478] Sen. Ira ii.j j.2. 1и Wirszubski 1950 (a 107) 44S; Bnint 1988 (a i i) 28iff.