Tac. Arm. vi.8.
[480] Hopkins 1980(0 135) 124-5; MacMullen 1984(0 146).
[481] Pliny, HN vii. 129. 5 Frank 1940 (d 128) v.6. 6 Veyne 1976 (a 98).
7 Pflaum 1940 (d i 5 3); Jones 1974 (d 137) 169 n. 96, 180; Mitchell 1976 (в 255); Lewis 1982 (e
94 0-
[484] Thornton 1989 (f 594) chs. V-VI; Frank 1940 (d 128) v. 42, 57; Noe 1987 (d 152) 49-51.
15 Brunt 1981 (d 118); Rathbone 1995 (e 962). 16 See n. 7 above; also Brunt 1974 (d 171).
[486] Tac. Ann. iv.6; Pliny, HN xviii. j j.
[487] Domergue 1990 (e 216); Dodge 1992 (d 127) ch. 5.
[488] Burnett, Amandry and Pipolles 1992 (в 312); Sutherland 1984 (в 357); Crawford 198; (в 320) ch. 17; Walker 1976 (в 361).
[489] Dio liv.21.
[490] Wallace-Hadrill 1986 (в 562); Kraft 1962 (в 334); Griffin 1984 (c 352) 57-9, 120-5.
[491] Crawford 1985 (в 320) 271; Howgego 1982 (d 134). 30 Howgego 1992 (d 135).
[492] Corbier 1974 (d 122); Corbier 1977 (d 123); Millar 1964 (d 149).
[493] Millar 1963 (d 148); Brunt 1966 (d i 16); Jones 1950 (d 136); Rathbone 1993 (e 962).
* Veil. Pat. 11.39.2; Tac. Ann. 11.42 (cf. 1.78); Dio LV.26.5.
[495] Chastagnol 1975 (d 33); Sailer 198 2 (f j 9) 51 n. 5 8; Talbert 1984 (d 77) 513.
[496] Millar 1983 (d ioi) 88-90. 7 Levick 1983 (c 369) 97-115.
8 Morris 1964 and 1965 (d ji).
[498] Tac. Ann. ш.65. 12 Dio lix.18.5.
[499] Brunt 197j (e 906). <1 Brunt 1966 (d 87); Alfoldy 1981 (d 23).
42 Tac. Arm. xvi.17. 43 Dio lv.26.4-5.
44 Pavis d'Escurac 1976 (d 5 5); Rickman 1980 (e 109). « Eck 1979 (e 38) 88-94.
46 Brunt 1983 (d 26).
[503] Calculation of the revenue to be derived in return for protection is explicit in Strabo iv.5.3 (200c), reflecting that Britain would need a legion plus cavalry forces to ensure collection of tribute and the expenditure on troops would equal the revenue. On the spread of currency and economic interests in general see Crawford 1985 (в 320) ch. 17.
[504] App. BCiv. iv.2.7, Dio xlvi.55.3-56.1.
[505] Reynolds 1982 (в 270) nos. 7, 11, 12; Mylasa, RDGE 59, 60.
[506] Dio lin. 12; Baetica was transferred to the Senate probably soon after 27 b.c., see Mackie 198 5 (e
753) 353—•4- 7 Dio liii.12.7, Liv.4.1, Thomasson 1975 (d 110) 1 87ff.
[508] Strab xvii.3.24-j (8j9-40c); Egypt, Tac. Ann. xn.60.3, Dio Lvni.19.6, Philo, In Flacc. 1.2; Felix, Tac. Ann. xn. 5 4. The use of the term 'senatorial' to refer to provinces governed by proconsuls is here deliberately avoided, in favour of the word 'public' which more accurately reflects Strabo's assertion (loc.tit.) that these were the provinces of the people.
' Illyricum, divided into Pannonia and Dalmatia, was transferred from proconsuls to legates, as was Macedonia (see above, n. 7); Sardinia was governed by proconsuls, then praefccti, then proconsuls again in the Julio-Claudian period; Lycia-Pamphylia was transferred from legate to proconsul in the second century (Thomasson 1975 (d 110) 1. 27jff); Moesia combined with Macedonia and Achaea, Tac. АпплЛол, Dio Lvin.25.4; Thrace, Noricum and Raetia were at first
[510] German forts: Schdnberger 1969 (e 591) 151, Tac. Л ля. XI. 19.7; soldiers: Tac. Ann. i.j6.i; Segimundus: Tac. Атл.^.г-, Aelius Catus: Strab. vii. 3.10 (303c) (for the conjectured date see Syme 1971 (e 702), 40-72, at 53-5, J.h. Oliver, GRBS 6 (196;), 51-5); Silvanus GCN 228; colonies in Mauretania: Pliny, HN v.i, 5, 20—i,cf. Mackie 1983 (e 753); Gauls: Joseph. BJ 1.397.
[511] Extortion: EJ2 311.72—141; Jews: Joseph. A] xix.286.91; veterans: FIRA 1 56; vebiculatio-. Mitchell 1976 (в 255) ( = AE 1976, 653), cf. GCN 375, 382.
[512] RDGE 67. 24 Tac. Ann. xn.60.1-2, iv.ij.3.
25 Vindex, governor of Lugdunensis in a.d. 68 an Aquitanian, Dio 1x111.22.1(2); Ti. Iulius
Alexander, Tac. Hist.1.11, cf. PIR21 139.
[515] Lampo, Philo, In FUuc. 151—4; Euryclids, Bowersock 1961 (e 817) 117-18.
[516] Note the precision with which Pliny and Trajan describe the position vis-a-vis the request of
Amisus, a civilas libera etJoederata, to be allowed to have a benefit society: 'ut tu ... dispiceres quid et quatenus aut permittendum aut prohibendum putares' (Ep. x.92), 'possumus quo minus habeant non impedire' (Bp. x.93); compare bp. iv.22, Trajan's consilium upholding the right of a magistrate of Vienne to abolish games endowed in a will. 48 Plutarch, Praecepla reipubticaegfrendac 17, 18.
[518] Elections at Malaca, MW 454, caps.55-9; the demos, many examples including EJ2 114 (Alabanda), 318 (Cos), RDGE 26, col.d (Mytilene), 60 (Mylasa), AJ 68, cf. J.H. Oliver, CRM 6 (1965) 143-56 (Histria), GCN 371 (Thasos).
[519] AJ 68, cf. J.H. Oliver, GRBS 6 (1965) 145-56.
[520] Thessalian League, EJ2 521; Sardinia, GCN 392.
[521] 1G 5.i.i432f with A. Wilhelm, JOAI 17 (1914) 1-120; for the dating to a.d. 35-44 (not universally accepted) see A. Giovannini, Rome et la circulation monitaire en Grece(Basel, 1978) 115—22.
[522] Civil functions: RAtfR 51; ccnsus: 11S z6S 3; transport annOTW- O. Gueraud, jyp 4 (19 50) 107— 15; resettlement: above, n. 21; peace-keeping: Joseph. BJ 11.266-9, EJ2 227, Dig. 1.18.3.
[523] Evidence for the provincial census collected by Brunt 1981 (d i 18); public land in Egypt, Rowlandson 1996 (e 963).
[524] Suet. Iul. 26.}. 4 Polyb. v1.39.15; cf. Tac. Ann. 1.17.
5 Different from the more familiar rectangular shield of the Principate (below, p. 3 79); illustrated
at Keppie 1984 (d 202) 112-13, pi. 3.
[526] App. BCiv iv.3.
[527] Breeze 1969 (d 166). 27 See below, pp. j24-8. 28 Le Roux 1982 (e 228) 105.
29 Tac. Ann. 1.17ff, 78; Wilkes 1963 (c 414). » Tac. Ann. 1.78.
31 Saddington 1982 (d 227).
[530] Veil. Pat. II. 118.
[531] Suet. Aug. 38.2. For examples, see ILSyi i = F,J2 193 = H. Devijver, Prosopograpbia Militiarum
Equestrium quae fuerunt ab Augusto ad Gallitnum (Leuven, 1977) (hereafter PME), N. 15; 1LS 912 = PME a 162; CIL vi 3516 = PME с 257. 38 Dio lv.29.1; cf. Tac. Ann. 111.41-2.
[533] Veil. Pat. 11.109.1. 41 Tac. Ann. iv.46.
Dio lv.31, lvi.23; Veil. Pat. 11.111; Pliny, HjVvri.149; Suet. Aug. 25.2.
AE 1973, 501 = EJ2 368; Tac. Ann. 1.16, 31; Brunt 1974 (в 214).