[535] Dio Lv.31.1, LVi.23.3; Veil. Pat. 11.111.1; Suet. Aug. 25.2. Note especially Macrob. Sat.
[535] App. BCiv. iii. 45, 67-9, v.j, 95; Plut. Ant. j3. ss Tac. Ann. iv.j.
[536] Jsvri»
[537] Tac. Ann. xiii.31, xiv.27; Suet. Ner. 9.
Roman Military Diplomas, 1978-84, (London, 1985). 75 E.g. Tac. Hist. Ш.47.
[539] 'City of Rome' being defined since Sulla at the latest by 'in urbe Roma propiusve mille passus", as e.g. in the lex Cornelia de sicariis (Mosaicorum et Komanorum Legum Collatio i. 3.1).
[540] N.N., standing for Numerius Negidius, the man who denies, and A. A., i.e. Aulus Agerius, the plaintiff, are stock blanks, as well as 'Titius' for the judge. For introductions to the formulary system cf. Jolowicz and Nicholas 1972 (f 660) 199-232 and Kunkel 1973 (f 667) 91—8; also below, ch. 21, pp. 959-60.
[541] Gell. NA xiv.2.2-11. 16 Cf. the discussion in Kaser 1966 (f 661) 298-9.
[542] The procedure is best known from the Gracchan lex repetundarum\ cf. A. Lintott, Judicial Reform and Land Reform in /be Roman Republic (Cambridge, 1992), 116-22.
[543] During the Republic rewards had been mostly political, i.e. promotion in civic status. Pecuniary awards seem to be first introduced by the Lex Pedia against the murderers of Caesar and became usual (consisting in a quota of the condemned's fortune) in the Empire, especially in maiestas trials.
[544] lnfamia was the consequence of condemnation in some civil and all criminal trials. There exist several, slightly different lists of infaming actions, in Gai. Inst. 4.182; D 3.2.1; Tab.Heracl. 108-25; and now in ch. 84 of the Lex Irnitana.
[544] Jones 1972 (d 264) (but cf. the critical reviews of Behrens 1975 (d 246) and Brunt 1974(0 251)); Crook 1967 (f 21) 69 and Brunt 1964 (d 250) are sceptical about this capital jurisdiction; Cloud in САН ix2 501 accepts it as far as slaves, perhaps even working-class citizens were concerned.
[544] Cf.Cic. Clu. 176 for capital proceedings initiated by municipal magistrates against Cluentius. These are probably the iudicia publico mentioned in Tab.Heracl. 119 (FIRA i2 p. 149).
[544] Richardson 1983 (в 271) and Birks, Rodger and Richardson 1984 (d 247).
a Sometimes the governor would call together (mean) the inhabitants of more than one eonventus, as did Cicero in his province of Cilicia (Alt. v.21.9, vi.2.4).
[546] Habicht published an inscription from Ephesus giving a register of towns in Asia Minor by dioiceseisjconventus (JRS 6 j (1975)64-91); Burton deals with the assize organization in a more general
[546] Sen. Apocot. 12.2, cf. Garzetti 1974 (a 35) 137^ 6oof.
[546] Dio li.19.7 and Lintott 1972 (d 271) 263-7. 38 Suet. Aug. 33.3.
proclamation of Nero as Tacitus.
[548] Jones 1960 (a 47) 9of suggested that it was the lex lulia de iudiciisprivatis which reintroduced the criminal jurisdiction of the consuls. In view of the decidedly political implications of many such cases it is not very probable that such senatorial jurisdiction was permitted by Augustus before the final settlement of power in Rome. The trials of 23 в.с. still took place apud indices and before the
[548] This is not the place to discuss the many problems connected with this archive, still not entirely published, which contains documents in Aramaic, Greek and Latin; cf. Wolff 1980 (d 278) and
[549] Ann. 1.2. i 'insurgere paulatim, munia senatus magistratuum legum in se trahere nullo adversante'.
[550] Cic. Flac. 101-2; compare Set/. 9-11; Gabba 1986 (e 49).
[551] Syme 1938 (d 68); Syme 1939^93)90-4; Wiseman 1971 (d 81), documents at length and for all periods down to Augustus the incorporation of Italians in the Roman governing class; see also Nicolet 1966 (d 32) I. 387-422; Сё be iliac Gervasoni 1978 (e 14); the papers in Epigrafia e ordine senatorio 1982 (d 42); David 1983 (e 32); D'Arms 1984 (e 31); for the jurists, see Frier 1985 (f 632) 25 3-4; for cultural links, see Wiseman 1983 (e 138); Dumont 1983 (e 36); Wiseman 1985 (e i 39); Rawson 1983 (a 79).
[552] See Rawson 198; (e 107); Pais 1918 (e 88) 1 antedates the process where Rome and a foreign state are concerned, as opposed to Rome and a municipium. Brunt 1982 (f 644) seems to me in the end right to argue, against Braunert 1966 (e 9), and Galsterer 1976 (e 5 2) 162-4, that in purely legal terms there was no case against Balbus.
[553] See Hammond 19; 1 (e 54); also de Ruggiero 1921 (f686); Bonjour 197) (e7). Gely i974(e j 3)
romanticizes. 18 D'Arms 1970 (e 30).
For what may be inferred about developments in municipal charters in the Caesarian and
Augustan ages, see M.H. Crawford (n. 2j).
[557] M.H. Crawford (n. 23).
[558] Spoletium: CIL xi 4809, not in ILLRP or CIL i2, fasc. 4, but see Gaggiotti eta/. 1980 (e 50) 107; Ferentinum: CIL x 5837 = ILLRP 584.
[559] Praeneste: ILLRP 653; Brundisium: ILLRP 558; Formiae: A. Colombini, Athenaeum 1966, 137; for local military exercise grounds, see Devijver and van Wonterghem 1981-2 (e 35).
[560] See in genera] de Simone 1980 (e 121); Coleman 1986 (e 22). The best account of the disappearance of Etruscan is still that of Harris 1971 (e 55) 172-84; note also 1975 (e64); Michelsen 1975 (в 2 j4): Etruscan letters in texts inscribed in Latin are of extreme rarity. For the disappearance of Oscan at Pompeii, see Castren 1975 (e 12), 44-6. See Appendix III, p. 983.
Poccetti 1988 (e 97): the single Umbrian bilingual seems earlier than the Social War.
Heurgon 1953 (e 59); Briquel 1990 (e 10).
Ilari 1974 (d 196); the ethnic contingents in the army of Spartacus perpetuate earlier Roman practice.
[562] To the texts cited above, add Suet. Aug. 59; Galsterer 1976 (e 52) 128-9, does not give sufficient weight to the phenomenon.
18 ILLRP 589 (Ferentis), to be read with Emiliozzi 198} (e 39) (the name of the month is uncertain, but is in any case not Chosfer); Degrassi 1961-2 (в 223); ILLRP jo8, to be read with Laffi 1978 (e 69).