[634] See on this A. d'Ors, Anuario de Historia del Dereebo Espanol 54 (1984) 535-73; id.. Lex Flavia Municipalis (Rome, 1986); Gonzalez 1986 (в 235).
[635] For what follows see Strab. in.2.3-10 (142-8c).
[636] Cf. especially the development in the north-western part of the Iberian peninsula; on this Tranoy 1981 (e 244) esp. 261-384.
[637] On clan organization, see now Gonzalez Rodriguez 1986 (e 225); on local magistrates and
senates cf. now esp. Alfoldy 1987 (e 205) 50-1. 31 Alfoldy 1987 (e 205) 110-11.
[639] Tac. Ann. 1.78. Imperial cult in Spain: cf. Etienne 1938 (e 217); cf. now also Fishwick 1987 (p
157) esp. 150-8, and 2:9—39. 34 Tac. Hist. 1.4.
[641] Strab. iv.j.j (194c). 41 See above, n. j.
42 e.g. Dio Lix.22; Tac. Ann. xi.23; Hist. 1.51 and iv.74; Suet. Ner. 40.
[643] Caes. BCiv. 1.35. 44 Caes. BCiv. 111.59.
BCiv. 1.59: 'ex omnibus civitatibus nobilissimo et fortissimo quoque evocato'.
Cic. At/. xiv.i. 47 App. BCiv. v.75.318. 48 App. BCiv. v.92.586.
[646] Tac. Hist, iv.68-9 cf. above, p. ooo. 57 Tac. Ann. xi.24; C1L xiii 1668.
58 Tac. Ann. xiv.46.2.
[648] For example the civitas of the Turones is referred to as libera by CIL xiii 3076 and 3077.
[649] Strab. iv. 1.г (190-tc).
[650] At least the allied states were awarded this, to judge from Tac. Ann. xi.23.
[651] the invasion and its aftermath
Numerous reasons, apart from that advanced above, have been put forward to explain Rome's decision to invade Britain at this precise juncture. Among them can be listed the military ambition of Claudius, now emperor after Gaius' assassination; the prospect of mineral and other wealth; a surplus of legions on the German frontier after Gaius had created two more to back his abortive invasion attempt; the final suppression of druidism, which had been outlawed in Gaul, no doubt
[652] Wacher 1995 (e 560) 242. It has, however, been argued that the Iceni lay outside the province,
see Wacher 1981 (e 561) 136. " Tac. Agr. xiv. 18 RIByi. SeeBogaers 1979(в 211) 243-54.
" Frere 1961 (e 535). Wacher 1995 (e 560) 23, 189-241.
[655] Bennett 1984 (e 528) 47-56. 25 Tac. Am. xiv.33. 26 Milne 1982 (e 549) 271-6.
27 RIB 12. » Frere 1983 (e 536) 11. 26-8.
29 Tac. Am. xiv.33. But see also J.E. Bogaers, 'Review of Wacher 1966 (e 559), JRS 57 (1967)
2 3 3-4- 30 Frere 1972 (e 536) 1 ptusim.
31 Frere 1983 (e 536) 11 69-72. 32 Frere 1983 (e 536) 11 35-54.
[660] Greene 1978 (e 542). 43 Frere 1972 (e 536) 1. 18.
44 But see reservations expressed by Whittick 1982 (e 366) 113—24. 4S Strab. iv. 5.3 (200-1C).
46 R/B2091. 47 RIB 141-jo. 48 Wacher 1978 (e 562) 217-26.
[663] Tac. Hist. rv. 12. Batavian coinage: N. Roymans, W. van der Sanden, Bericbten van de Kijksdienst
voor bet OudbeidkundigBodemondtr^oek 30(1980) 175-254. 7 Suet. Aug. 23.1.
' Pliny, HN iv. 106.
[666] Cuppers 1990 (e j74) 8}, Abb. $9.
[667] Arminius: Veil. Pat. 11.118.2, Ahenobarbus, Dio Lv.10a.2-3.
" Veil. Pat. 11.104.2. 20 Cŭppers 1990 (e 574) 85, Abb. 39.
[669] Tac. Hist. rv.22.
[670] Iulia Tridentum in AE 1984, 707; building: ILS 86; on the Anauni-edict (ILS 206) cf. Th.
Mommsen, GesammcUc Scbriĵtcn 4 (Berlin, 1906) 291-511; E. Frezouls, Ktema 6 (1981) 259-52, esp.
243. 2 Dio liv. 20.1-2. 3 Pliny, HNih.i)6f; CIL v 7817 = EJ2 40.
[673] Dio liv.22; Hor. Carm. iv.4; iv.14; Strab. iv. 6.8 (206C); vii.i.j (292Q; Veil. Pat. 11.95.if.
[674] Ancient sources relating to Roman commanders are collected in AfRR vol. n (down to 30 b.c.), in PIR2 which has currently reached the letter О and also in the Laltreuli Pracsidum compiled by Thomasson 1975-84 (d iio). The siege equipment captured from D. Brutus in 43 b.c., Dio xlvi-5 3.1, was used eight years later by the Iapodes against Octavian, App. III. xviii. Before his operations against the Parthini, Asinius Pollio may have attacked the Delmatae and seized Salona,
but the sources are late and confused. Some have rejected the story, e.g. Syme 1979 (a 94) 1 18-30, while others have accepted it, Bosworth 1972 (c 34) 464-8. Antony's attack on the Dardani is noted in App. BCiv. v.75. 5 CIL hi 14265: 'Sicilia recepta'.
[676] Dio liv.20.3. Most have assumed the province of Silius to have been Illyricum, though nothing connects him with that region while a dedication honouring him as proconsul was erected at Aenona in Liburnia, ILS 899. The end of the Dalmatian 'rebellion' is noted by Veil. Pat. 11.90.1.
[677] Most have accepted the identification of the [ ] QVS on the Tusculum elogium, ILS 896),
[678] RG 30.2, with Suet. Aug. 21 and Strab. vn-3.11, 13 (303-4Q.
[679] Dio lv. ioa.2-3 (under a.d. 1).
[680] Suet. Claud. 2;; Dio lx.24.
[681] Tac. Am. xii. 1 j-21; cf. Gajdukeviĉ 1971 (e 664) j j 8. The war was named Btllum Mitbridati- eum, Il-S 9197 (Tarracina).
[681] By L. Arruntius Camillas Scribonianus, Suet. Claud. 15.2; Dio lx.t5.1-2. For the legionary
titles see Wilkes 1969 (e 706) 96. 24 Tac. Ann. xn.29-30.
[683] ILĴ 986 (Tibur). On these events see Pippidi 1962 (e 685) 106-132, revised and reprinted in Pippidi 1967 (e 686) 287-348.
[684] Tac. Hist. 1.79. The victory was acknowledged on that day with sacrifice on the Capitol by the
Arval Brethren, MW p. i j. 27 Tac. Hist. 111.46 cf. iv.4.
[686] Tac. Hist. hi.46.}; Joseph. BJ v 11.4.5.
[687] Hoddinott 1981 (E670).
[688] Alfoldy 1964 (e 647); Garaŝanin 1982 (e 665) 586-7 and 598-610.
[689] Strab. vn.3.13 (josQ.
[689] Cri$an 1978 (e 6)6); Crawford 1985 (в 520) 227-35. 35 Papazoglu 1978 (e 681) 272-8.
Strab. vii.5.4 (314—15c); Dion. Hal. Jr. 16, calls them a Celtic people.
Uiria II: La Villt Illjritnnt (Tirana, 1972) 239-68 (Lissus). 38 Marie 1977 (e 673).
39 Alfoldy 1968 (E650) 1213-14.
[693] For example, ILlug 1852-j. 41 Stipĉevic 1977 (e 696) 207-14.