The Augustan Empire 43 BC [Cambridge Ancient History- 10]

[792] MAMA ix (Journal of Roman Studies Monograph 4) (London, 1988) ixf.

[793] For Germe see H. von Aulock, 'Die romische Kolonie Germa in Galatien und ihre

Mŭnzpragung', MDAI (I) 18 (1968) 221-37. Iconium and Ninica are argued for by Mitchell 1979 (e 857), on the numismatic evidence proffered by von Aulock 1976 (в 306).

» Mitchell 1978 (e 85 j). * Pliny, HN v.146.

[796] Jones 1971 (d 96) 119 and for Caesarea 168.

[797] EJ² 316 (Nysa); 319 (Aezani); 102, with Bowersock 1961 (e 817) (Gytheum); 105*, with Mitford i960 (e 858) 75-9 (Palaepaphos); GCN 33 (Assos); 401 (Cyzicus).

» Dio lv.27.6 (a.d. 6); Tac. Ann. 1. 80.1.

[799] Treasury: IG ii/iii² 3504; generaclass="underline" Philostr. VS 526; Corinth: A.B. West, Corinth VIII, 2: the

Latin Inscr. (Cambridge, MA, 1931) 83 п.; 86 п. (references to famines); price of grain during a famine: Eus.-Jer. 181 Helm (a.d. 49). ⁷³ Tac. Ann. 11.47 (^A-^D- '7); iv.13.1 (23).

[801] Vogel-Weidemann 1982 (e 885) 274-80 (Petronius); Tac. Ann. vi.40.3 (Galba).

[802] Sen. Ira 11.5.5 (Volesus); Tac. Ann. 1.74 (Marcellus); iv.15 (Capito); lit.66-8 (Silanus).

[803] Tac. Ann. iv.55; Gaius' temple: Dio Lxix.28.1. ⁷⁷ SEG rv 707.

See Price 1984 (f 199) (8.

GCN 34 (Kula); 112 (Nero, Poppaea - unless Agrippina is to be read - Britannicus).

See Smith 1987 (f 580).

[807] Tac. Ann. xii.21; Dio lx.5;. j (Cilo); Tac. Ann. хш.1.3; 33.if (Celer); GCN 408 (Cibyra).

[808] Tac. Ann. xn1.33.3f. ⁸³ Tac. Ann. 11.54.2.

⁸⁴ Arist. Pol. и.127зЪ; Pol. vi.56.13; Cic. A/I. vi.2.5. 85 CCN 380.

[810] See Tac. Ann. 11.42; 56. ⁹⁰ Sullivan 1980 (e 879) 921. " Tac. Ann. vi.41; xii.j 5.

[811] For legionary recruitment, see Forni 19 j 3 (d 188), and 1974 (d 189); for Galatia, see Mitchell,

[812] Suet. lul. 56.7 (Macer); GCN 264 (Laco); 127 (Capito); 261 (Balbillus); 262 and Tac. Ann. хи.61.2 (Xenophon); GCN 347 (Arruntius Aquila); Tac. Ann. xn.21 and GCN 349 (Iulius Aquila);

267 (Proclus). ¹⁰³ For senators from the East see Halfmann 1979 (d 44) and 1982 (e 836).

[814] Halfmann 1982 (e 836) nos. 1 (Macer), 2 (Rufus), 6 (Montanus), 8 (Plancius Varus), 5 (Servenius); 12 (unknown from Miletus).

[815] Above, ch. i. s COrdPtol 75-6. ⁶ Quoted by Strab. xvii. i.ij (798c).

¹ Maehler 1983 (e 948).

[816] bureaucracy and administration

From the first, care was taken in the establishment of the status and administration of a province which yielded almost as much revenue as did the Gallic provinces added to the empire by Augustus' adoptive father and twelve times as much as the province of Judaea was to provide.¹³ The emperor immediately took on the role of a Pharaoh and the familiar cartouches were to appear on temple reliefs until the reign of Decius (a.d. 249-51); the lamplighters of Oxyrhynchus duly adapted their customary oath of office and swore by Caesar, 'god, son of a god' (theon ek theou) in 30/29 B.C.¹⁴ But Egypt was to be anomalous in being governed by an equestrian praefectus appointed by and directly responsible to the princeps (though a freedman could also hold the office as did one Hiberus for a brief period in a.d. 3 2, replacing the deceased Vitrasius

САН ix², ch. 8r. Porter and Moss 1937, 1939 (e 958) v j 1, 35, 128, 135, 151-7, vi 79.

BGU 2376; 0G1S 193; Porter and Moss 1972, 1939 (e 958) и² 714, vi 79.

[817] Ann. II.59, Hist. i.II. ²² BGU 1210pratj.

Parassoglou 1978 (e 956) App. II, 69-8).

Joseph. BJiv.6i6ff; SB 10295 cf. Bowman 1970(e 899), with Sijpesteijn, ZPE8(1971) 186-92.

Tac. Ann. xn.60; D. 1.17. ²⁶ Philo, In Flacc. 3, cf. Brunt 1975 (e 906).

[821] POxy 3014. ³³ BGU 1210, section 70. и SEG viii 527 (a.d. 22/3).

[822] That the disappearance of Ptolemaic military ranks was gradual is indicated by the existence of a thirty-seven-year-old katoikos, described as teij bipparcbias ton bekontarouron, in a document of a.d. iz/ij, PKoin 127.4-6.

[823] Iustus, RMR 51 with Davies 197} (e 915); Aeternius Fronto, PIR (2) l287 (tic).

[824] Gilliam 1986 (d 192) 335-40; Whitehorne 1988 (e 982).

[825] PBad 57. » POxy 254, cf. PMicb 578, Montevecchi 1988 (e 952) 177-8.

[826] Chalon 1964 (e 909), cf. SB 8900; Hanson 1988 (e 932)

[827] PRyl 74; POxyHels 19; SB 4416.27; PR?/4)4. ⁵³ FIRA 111 171; POxy 2757, 3015.

и SB 4416.28-9, cf. Philo, In Flacc. 133.

⁵⁵ N. Lewis, 'Un nouveau texte sur la juridiction du prefet d'F.gvpte', in RHDFE 1972,5-12, cf.

ibid. 1973, 5-7. ⁵⁶ PR у/ 74.

[831] Joseph. BJ 11.38}—6; Diod. xvn.52.6; for a higher estimate of the Alexandrian populadon see

Fraser 1972 (e 921) 90-1. Rathbone 1990 (e 961). ⁶⁰ Bowman 1990 (e 901) App. II.

[833] [Aur. Vict.] Epil. de Caes. 1.6, cf. Garnsey tt al. 1983 (d i 30) 119, Rathbone 1990 (e 961).

[834] WCbr 341 (63 per cent private land at Naboo in Apollonopolis Heptakomias in the early second century); PBouriant 42 (29 per cent private land at Hiera Nesos in the Fayum in 167).

[835] POxy 2873 (Seneca); POxy 3047 (Calpurnia Heraclia).

[836] Bowman 1990 (e 901) App. II.

[837] PLcrnĴ 151 verso (Johnson 1956 (e 940) no. 105) (a.d. 78/79).

[838] PMicbTeb 121-8, 257-42 (reign of Claudius).

[839] Illustrated generally by the Piriptous maris Erytbraei(ed. W.H. Schoff, New York, 1912 and L. Casson, Baltimore, 1988); Pliny, HN vi. 101 attests 50 million sesterces-worth of annual trade with India and Arabia; for exhaustive documentation see Raschke 1978 (c 298), Sidebotham 1986 (c } to).