[883] Joseph. BJ vii.219-22; cf. Kennedy 198} (e 1023).
1,8 By the end of Nero's reign at least, an entire legion was based only 45km away at Raphanaea
(Joseph. by vii.18). 1,9 Joseph, AJxvu.itj; BJ 11.68; cf. below, n. 135.
[886] Tac. Ann. 11.57. 121 Joseph. BJ 11. joof. 122 Joseph. BJ. 111.68; Tac. Hist, v.1.2.
[887] As an ala and probably five cohortts Commagtnorum—c. 3,000 men: Kennedy 198о(е 1022)91—7.
[888] Joseph. AJ xviii. 5 3; contra, Tac. Ann. 11.42.5. Cf. the parallel situation in Judaea after Herod's death in 4 b.c.: Joseph. AJxvu.299; 504-14; BJ 11.80; 84-91.
[889] Tac. Hist. n.8i; Suet. Catig. 14. 5.
[890] Sullivan, 1978 (e 1065); (e 1224); (e 878); (e 1064).
[891] Diod. 11.48. if or x1x.94.2-j. 128 xvi.4.21 (779c).
xvi.2jo and 33j-j2 (9 and 6 b.c.); cf. Strab. xvi.4.2J (782-3C) (embassies).
[893] Cf. Braund 1984(0 254) 39-j3. 131 Cf. Joseph. AJ xviii.i 12.
132 Jaussenand Savignac 1909 (e 1017)1189^ no. 29; 1 j4f no. 7; 12of no. 20; 202ff no. 38; i92fno. 44.; Perip/us 19. 133 E.g. Joseph. AJ xiv.31; Diod. 11.54.3; Strab. xvi.4.23 (780-ic).
The Roman and Byzantine Army in the East (Krakow, 1994) 265-31
13s Caesar at Alexandria (47 b.c.), Aelius Gallus (26/5 b.c.), Varus (6 b.c.) and for the Jewish
Revolt (a.d. 68-70).
[898] Wenning, 1987 (e 1069). 161 Dentzer and Dentzer 1981 (e 1002). 162 Tac. Hist. n.80.
163 The text of this chapter was completed in 1987 and it has therefore not been possible to take
account of recent important work, in particular, F. Millar, The Roman Near East (Cambridge, Mass.,
1995); M. Sartre, Vorient romain (Paris, 1991).
[902] For events after Herod's death, see Joseph. AJ xvn.206-525; BJ 11.1-100; Nicolaus of
Damascus, FGrH 90 f i j6(8)—(11).
* See discussion of the role of this Judas in Freyne 1980 (e i ii j) 214—17.
' For the link to the Maccabees, see Farmer 19)8 (e 1115). 10 BJ 11.5 5-78.
[906] Descriptions of Agrippa's death are given in A] xix.343—j г; Acts 12:19-23.
[907] See Jones 1938 (e 1152) 259-61.
[908] For the careers of Agrippa's children see Joseph. A] xvni-xx; B] ii-vii; Suet. Tit. 7; Tac. Hill. 11.2.81; Dio lxvi.15■ 3—51 18.i.
[909] On this uneasy coexistence, see Bowersock 198j (e 990) esp. pp. 50-3, 63-7.
[910] Suet. Tit. 7; Dio lxvi.15.3-4; 18.t. See Crook 1951 (e 1106).
[911] See Sullivan 1978 (e 1064)935-8 onC. Claudius Severus and other consular descendants of the eastern client kings; Smallwood 1976 (e i 111) 5 51, on C. Iulius Severus.
[912] The history of Judaea from a.d. 6 to a.d. 70 is found in Joseph. BJ 11.117-vn end; AJ xviii- xx; Vit.\ Philo, Leg. The emphasis in the three narratives by Josephus varies in accordance with their different purposes, but they can usually be reconciled.
[913] Joseph. A] xvii.342-3; BJn.i n-13; Dio Lv.27.6; cf. Smallwood 1976 (e 1212) 117.
[914] Burr 1935 (c jj6). 37 Tac. Ann. xn.54; Hist, v.9.3; cf. Joseph. AJxx. 182.
38 Tac. Ann. 11.42.5; Hist, v.9.2. 39 Joseph. BJ 11.169-77; A]xviii.5 5-62.
41 Joseph. AJxviii.261-309; Philo, Leg. 188, 207-333; Tac. Hist. v.9.
[917] Joseph. BJ 11.4J7,449-56. For some of Agrippa's troops joining the rebels, cf. BJ 11.430, j го.
[918] Joseph. BJ iv.j 18, }J 5-6, 565.
[919] Joseph. B/tv. 554-44; v. 568; vi. 113. This point is argued more fully in Goodman 1987(61150)
[920] Kadman i960 (в 528) 78.
[921] Joseph. BJ vi.254—66; contra, Sutp. Severus, Cbron. n.30.6-7. For arguments supporting Josephus' defence of Titus, see Rajak 1983 (в 147) 206-11.
* BMCRE и nos. 115-18. 55 Cf. Joseph. Д/хх.253-8; Tac. H«/. v.10.1.
[923] Buildings dating before a.d. 70 have been identified as synagogues at Masada, Herodium and Gamala, although none of these identifications is beyond dispute. Cf. Levine 1981 (e i 168).
[924] Joseph. BJ VT.94.
[925] Joseph. Vit. 12; Phil. 3:5.
[926] Joseph. BJ 11.162-3; AJ xiu.iji-),288,294,297-8, xvn.41, xvni.12-17; Vit. 2, 191. On the rabbinic texts, see Neusner 1971 (e i i 84). On the extent of the Pharisees' influence, see Neusner, Politici to Piety (Leiden, 1971) and the summary of the arguments in Goodblatt 1989 (e i i 23).
[927] Jews' avoidance of pork was particularly notorious, cf. Joseph. Ap. 11.137; Plut. Quaest. com. iv.4-6.2.
[928] Lewis, Yadin and Greenfield 1989 (в 375); see in general the tractate Ketubotb in the Mishnah; cf. Epstein 1942 (e in 1); Archer 1983 (e 1076) and 1990 (e 1077).
[929] Joseph. Vie. 2. « Tobit 6:12; Hachlili and Killebrew 1983 (e 1132).
[930] 2 Cor. 11:14. 112 Goodenough 1929 (e i 124). 113 Joseph. BJ vn.44-5.
Philo, Leg. 20 (132); Joseph. BJ vn.44-5; t.Sukk. 4: 6. On synagogue buildings, see Shanks
[932] For the temporary nature of these buildings and their vulnerability to redevelopment, Phillips 1973 (f 324). The vocabulary of matniana, tabulatio, contignationei is expressive; Festus, s.v. adtibernium\ Pliny, HN xvi.36 on use of shingles, making a connexion of thought with the vanished timber of the site of Rome; for good and bad practice in >»r«Јi-building, Vit. DeAreb. 11.8.18—20. On collapses, Strab. v (234-34 xiv.5.4 (670Q, and Dio xxxix.61 (dissolving of unbaked brick by floodwater). For the piling up of tall buildings, Sen. Controv. 11.1.11-12; Sen. Ep. 90-7; Amm. Marc. 27.9.8. On insHlae in general, Boethius i960 (f 290) 129-8 j. For the materials, note also the passage of Ovid quoted on p. 803.
s Pliny's description covers both the operapensilia of substructions and platforms, and the sewers which lay beneath the city to serve as storm drains: cf. Strab. v.3.8 (235C); Soranus, ii.xx (xl)-44 (113). These were a standard ingredient in the praises of the city.
[934] Zanker 1988 (f 633) ch. 3 for the change; id. Forum Augustum n.d. [c. 1968] (f 625) (note the caryatids). Note however that Athenian craftsmen worked on the Pantheon (Pliny, HN xxxvi.38). For the politics - and the phrase 'Crisis in the Party and State' - Syme 1939 (a 93) ch. 23.