Virginia Beach, Chet Ehrenzeller
Chewelah, Beaver Valley Ranch
Deerharbor, Peter Whittier
Ellensburg, JRL Ranch
Spokane, Marland Ray
Usk, Kalispel Indian Tribe
Burlington, Buffalo Creek Ranch
Forestville, Stony Creek Buffalo Ranch
Lyndon Station, Buffalo Valley Farms
Madison, Vilas Zoo
Marathon, Hank's Bison Farm
Medford, Voss Valley Buffalo
Phelps, Smoky Lake Reserve
Poynette, Wisconsin Conservation Dept. Game Farm
Racine, Zoological Park
Withee, Black River Ranch
Big Horn, Bar Eleven Livestock
Casper, William G. Hurley
Cheyenne, Iron Mountain Bison
Gillette, Little Buffalo Ranch
Gillette, Armando Flochinni Ranch
Moose, Grand Teton National Park
Powell, Bax X Ranch
Yellowstone National Park
Selected Bibliography
For a comprehensive bibliography of material on the buffalo, consult Frank Gilbert Roe, The North American Buffalo , Toronto, 1951. This large volume contains many quotations from primary sources.
Quotations of translations from early Spanish documents used in this work were taken from the following:
T. Buckingham Smith, Relation of Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca , Washington, D.C., 1851.
George Parker Winship, "The Coronado Expedition, 1540-2," in the Fourteenth Annual Report of the American Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D.C., 1896.
Herbert Eugene Bolton, Spanish Exploration in the Southwest, 1542–1706, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1908.
The Memorial of Fray Alonso de Benavides, 1630, translated by Mrs. Edward E. Ayer, annotated by Fredrick Webb Hodge and Charles Fletcher Lummis (privately printed), Chicago, 1916.
Reuben Gold Thwaites, ed., The Original Journals of Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-06, 8 vols., New York, 1904-05, was used for cited passages by Meriwether Lewis.
Material quoted by Frémont came from two of his works: John Charles Frémont, Memoirs of My Life, New York, 1887; and his official report, John C. Frémont, Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains and to Oregon and North California in the years 1843-44, Washington, 1845.
After his trip to the Colorado mines Horace Greeley published his account, An Overland Journey from New York to San Francisco in the Summer of 1859, New York, 1860.
Many details on buffalo and Plains Indians are found in Pacific Railway Survey Reports, 36th Cong., 1st Sess., Ex. Doc. 56, 12 vols. Volume XII, Book I, contains the material by General Isaac I. Stevens, while his treaty council is described by Lawrence Kip, The Indian Council in the Valley of the Walla Walla, 1855 (printed, not published), San Francisco, 1855.
Rupert N. Richardson, The Comanche Barrier to South Plains Settlement, Glendale, Calif., Arthur H. Clark Co., 1933, contains some early accounts of Indian troubles.
Interesting journals of travel on the overland trail to California are: J. Goldsborough Bruff, Gold Rush, ed. by Georgia W. Read and Ruth Gaines, New York, Columbia University Press, 1949; Irene D. Paden, ed., The Journal of Madison Berryman Moorman, 1850-51, San Francisco, California Historical Society, 1948; and LeRoy R. Hafen and Ann W. Hafen, eds., To the Rockies and Oregon, 1839–1842, Glendale, Calif., Arthur H. Clark Co., 1955.
For the introduction of cattle to the western plains, E. S. Osgood, The Day of the Cattleman, Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1929, is recommended.
Robert Stuart, The Discovery of the Oregon Trail, ed. by Philip Ashton Rollins, New York, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1935, furnished comments on early travel on the Platte River. Other books on the fur trade for recommended reading are: Hiram Martin Chittenden, The American Fur Trade of the Far West, Elmira, New York, Wilson-Erickson, Inc., 1935; Bernard DeVoto, Across the Wide Missouri, Boston, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1947; Elliott Coues, ed., New Light on the Early History of the Greater Northwest: The Henry-Thompson Journals, New York, 1897; Josiah Gregg, Commerce of the Prairies, 1842; Alexander Ross, Red River Settlements, London, 1856; and George Catlin, Indian Tribes of North America, 1847. Alfred Jacob Miller, The West of Alfred Jacob Miller (1837), Norman, University of Oklahoma Press, 1967, contains a large number of sketches and paintings of the buffalo country done from life, as do the works by DeVoto and Catlin. Paul Kane, Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of North America, London, 1859, also deals with the fur trade.
For a good overview of the buffalo hunting tribes the best is Robert H. Lowie, Indians of the Plains , New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1954. Many good books on the various tribes have been published by the University of Oklahoma Press, and the reader is directed to the complete list, especially in the Civilizations of the Americas series.
The slaughter of the buffalo herds has been handled well by Wayne Gard, The Great Buffalo Hunt, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1959, and by E. Douglas Branch, The Hunting of the Buffalo , New York, D. Appleton-Century Co., 1929. A first-hand account of the killing is given by Frank Mayer and Charles B. Roth, The Buffalo Harvest, Denver, Alan Swallow, 1958.
Index
Adobe Walls, Texas, 170–171, 197-199
Africa, 36
agriculture, 5, 19, 59, 61, 82
— Apache, 40, 51, 53
— Canadian, 124, 126, 128, 129, 133
— prehistoric, 3, 18, 20–21, 78
— settler, 6, 39, 60, 63, 76, 78, 79, 90, 156, 159, 160–161, 201
— Sioux, 62–63, 93, 167, 210
Alabama, 74
Alaska, 17, 51, 52
— Siberian land bridge, 3, 7, 10
Alberta, Canada, 4, 6, 31, 52, 65, 115, 203, 215
— meat storage in, 126-127
— wood buffalo of, 12, 223
Alder Gulch, Montana, 114
Alexis, Grand Duke of Russia, 177-178
Algonquin language group, 65
Allard, Charles, 148 (illus.), 222
Allegheny Mountains, 11, 32, 79
American Bison Society, 207
American Field, The
— (periodical) 206
American Fur Company, 110, 113, 114
— smallpox and, 119
— trade in robes, 115, 116, 117
antelope, 18, 89, 144, 146, 206
Apache Indians, 40, 48–57, 60
Appalachian Mountains, 75
Arapaho Indians, 105, 114, 143, 181–182, 189
— Colorado mining and, 163-164
— Comanches and, 52, 54, 152, 153, 169, 171
— Fort Laramie treaty, 145, 168
— Sand Creek massacre and, 170
Argoll, Samuel, 74; quoted, 73
Arikara Indians, 61, 63, 86, 145
— fur trade and, 95, 96, 109
— smallpox and, 119, 121
Arkansas, 32, 34, 41, 82, 164
Arkansas River, 51, 98, 145, 173, 195
— Cheyenne lands on, 170, 183
— Comanches on, 52, 55, 56, 57, 149–150, 152, 153, 154, 171, 196
— navigability of, 100
— railroads and, 176
— wagon crossings, 102, 103, 106, 160
Ashley, William, 109, 110
Asia, 7, 24, 25, 36, 52
Assiniboin Indians, 109, 113, 189