— nomadism of, 57, 82, 202
— smallpox and, 119, 120
Assiniboin River, 125, 130
Astor, John Jacob, 96
Astoria trading post, 96, 134
Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, 60, 176–177, 191, 202
Athapascan people, 51
Atlantic Ocean, 31, 73, 74
atlatl, 11, 12, 24, 25
awls, 27, 49
Aztecs, 52
Baker, Col. E. M., 203
Banff National Park, 223
Bannock, Montana, 180
Bannock Indians, 114, 157
Batoche, Canada, 133
Bear River and Valley, 13, 32, 156
beaver, 10, 90, 117, 188
— Indian lands and, 94, 95, 96, 110, 114, 115
Beaverhead River, 31
Becknell, William, 101-102
Bedson, Sam L., 214, 220, 222
Belt Mountains, 159, 204, 205
Benavides, Fray Alonzo de, quoted, 50-51
Bent, William, 171
Benteen, Maj. Fred, 187
Benton, Thomas, 106
Bent's Fort, 160, 164
Bent's Fort Treaty (1840), 153
Bent's Fort Treaty (1861), 168
Berger, Jacob, 110
Big Blackfoot River, 158, 220
Big Blue River, 140
Bighorn Mountains, 96, 168, 180
Bighorn River, 94, 95, 109, 110, 182
— Little Bighorn battle, 186–187, 211
Big Lost River, 114
Big Piney River, 182, 183, 187
Big Sandy Creek, Colorado, 12
Bismarck, North Dakota, 203
bison, see buffalo
Bitteroot River, 13, 31, 158
Blackfoot Indians, 4, 57, 65–71, 106, 158–159, 220
Baker massacre of, 203
— on buffalo uses, 26
— camp police of, 85-86
— fur trade and, 71, 93–96, 109, 110, 113, 114, 188, 189, 202, 204
— smallpox and, 5, 119–120, 157
— sun dance of, 82, 84
Black Hills, 96, 121, 168, 185, 187
— last buffalo hunt in, 204
— parks of, 226
Black Kettle (Cheyenne chief), 170, 183, 184, 186
Blackstock, T. J., 223
Blood Indians, 68, 116, 119
Blue Licks, Kentucky, 78
Bobcaygeon, Ontario, 214
bones, 17, 37
bison skull, 12, 18, 26, 31-32
— tools made of, 18, 27, 49
— trade in, 196, 201-202
Boone, Daniel, 75; quoted, 77
Bonneville, Capt. Benjamin de, 114
Bourgomont, Etienne Venyard, Sieur de, 41
— bow and arrow hunting, 1–2, 11, 25, 50, 66, 177, 191
— horse culture and, 43, 44–45, 58 (illus.)
Bow River, 70, 203
Boyd, Mosson, 214
Bozeman, John, 180
Bozeman Pass, 14, 31, 94, 157, 180
Bridger, Jim, 114, 146, 147
Bruff, J. Goldsborough, quoted, 136–137, 139–140, 142-143
Brulé Sioux, 116
buffalo (see also calves [buffalo]; hunting; leather; meat):
— breeding, 6, 12, 30, 148 (illus.), 179 (illus.), 214–216, 217, 219–223, 224, 226
— "calling," 67–68, 83, 92, 158
— described, 2, 28–30, 165 (illus.)
— distribution, 3, 12–15, 30–34, 43, 73–78, 79, 89, 90–91, 117, 129, 132, 144, 153, 156–157, 162, 163, 164, 174, 196, 197, 199, 202, 203–205, 206, 207, 222, 225-226
— extinct species, 3, 7-12
— Indian uses of, 25–27, 28, 37, 42–43, 44, 46, 49–51, 88 (illus.), 208, 216
— laws to protect, 122 (illus.), 205, 206, 207
— settler uses of, 90, 101, 103, 116–117, 129, 188-191
buffalo jumps, 16 (illus.), 68–70, 72 (illus.), 92, 206
buffalo stones, 84
Buffalo Wool Company, 129
Byrd, Col. William, 74
Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez, quoted, 28
Caddoan Indians, 64
Cadotte's Pass, 158, 220
California, 7, 11, 174, 184-85
California (cont.)
— gold rush, 5, 106, 136, 143–144, 160, 161, 163
— calves (buffalo), 29, 30, 33, 165 (illus.)
— domestication efforts, 74, 213, 218, 220, 221
— hide uses, 22, 26, 28
— hunting of, 44, 219
— hybrid, 215
— camel, 10
Camp McIntosh, 206
Camp Sanborn, Colorado, 168-169
Canada, 51, 52, 145, 202, 203, 204
— Blackfeet in, 4, 65, 106, 120, 157, 204, 220
— breeding studies in, 30, 214–215, 220
— buffalo parks in, 6, 148 (illus.), 215, 223, 226
— forests of, 6, 10, 31, 36, 73, 82
— fur trade and, 123-128
— métis of, 128-133
— Sitting Bull in, 187
Canadian National Bison Range, 215, 223
Canadian River, 48, 170–171, 197
carbon-14 dating method, 12, 18
Carrington, Col. H. B., 182
Carson, Kit, 114, 141, 170–171, 197
carts, 130–132, 140, 162
Cascade Range, 36
Castañeda, Pedro de, 26; quoted, 18–19, 29, 48-50
Catlin, George, quoted, 53–54, 57, 83–84, 110–113, 149–150, 219
— paintings by, x (illus.), 16 (illus.), 35 (illus.), 58 (illus.), 107 (illus.)
cattle, 6, 15, 199, 221
Canadian, 129
— Comanche raids and, 154
— crossbreeding, 213–216, 217, 219, 220, 222
— longhorn, 172-174
— Spanish, 38–40, 213, 217-218
— wagon trains and, 137, 138, 141, 146, 162
Cayuse Indians, 61
Charles II, king of England, 128
Charles M. Russell National Wildlife Range, Montana, 226
Chattanooga, Tennessee, 32
Cherry Creek, Colorado, 160, 161, 164
Chesapeake Bay, 32, 73
Cheyenne Indians, 64, 97, 116, 168, 189
Colorado massacres of, 169–170, 183
Comanches and, 52, 54, 152, 153, 169, 171
— Custer and, 183-184
— wagon trains and, 139, 143, 145, 163–164, 181
Cheyenne River, 93, 204
Chihuahua, Mexico, 154
China, 117
chinook, 22
Chippewa Indians, 4, 63
Chivington, Col. John, 170
cholera, 153
Cimarron River, 102, 103, 105, 106, 115
Civil War, 117, 166, 172
Clark, William, 90–94, 95, 96, 116
Clark's Fork, Montana, 31, 157
— clothing, 1, 26–27, 61, 149
— buffalo robes, 3, 4, 5, 19, 20, 21, 90, 115–116, 117, 120, 125, 135, 188, 189, 203
— buffalo wool, 129
— calfhide, 22, 26, 28
— ghost shirts, 209, 210, 212
— police (Arikara), 86
— sewing of, 49, 50
— war array, 81
Cody, William F. (Buffalo Bill), 174–175, 177–178, 191
Coeur d'Alene Indians, 5, 61
coins, 65, 106
Colorado, 12, 32, 114, 146
Comanches in, 4, 52, 56
— mining in, 144, 159, 160–164, 168, 174, 178
— Pike in, 89, 100
— Colorado River, 13, 41, 153
— Colter, John, 94-95
— Columbia River Basin, 31, 96
— Indian tribes of, 5, 13, 61, 71, 121, 157, 159, 185
Comanche Indians, 107 (illus.), 149–155, 164
— Apaches and, 52–56, 60
— Cheyenne alliance of, 169, 170, 171
— hide hunters and, 196-199
— nomadism of, 4, 61, 82
— Spanish treaty, 99, 105
Comstock, Billy, 175
Conrad, Charles, 222, 223
corn, 5, 20, 51, 78, 82
— Osage, 59, 60, 61
Corneal, Thomas, 214
Coronado, Francisco Vásquez de, 18–19, 29, 37–38, 48;
— quoted, 34
corrals, 66–68, 70, 71, 157-158
Cortes, Hernando, 29
Council Bluffs, Iowa, 105, 108
Council Grove, Kansas, 102, 103, 105, 161, 164
coyote, 200–201, 206
Crazy Horse (Sioux), 186