mining, 6, 180, 185
— Colorado, 144, 159, 160, 161, 162, 168, 174
Minnesota, 32, 108
— Sioux lands of, 4, 42, 62, 121, 167
Mississippi, 74, 78
Mississippi River, 11, 32, 36, 51, 100, 156, 167
— buffalo eastward crossing, 12, 73, 74
— Hennepin on, 85
— Iroquois on, 79
— Louisiana Purchase and, 89
— Ohio Indian wars on, 78-79
— trade and, 90, 106, 108, 129
— Treaty of Paris and, 99
Missouri, 32, 79, 106, 173
— French in, 98, 99
— Osages in, 52, 59
Missouri Fur Company, 95–96, 108-109
Missouri Republican (newspaper), 161
Missouri River, 23–24, 31, 32, 59, 134, 157, 159, 180
— Arikara on, 86
— Blackfeet on, 71
— buffalo parks, 226
— exploration of, 90, 92, 93–94, 95, 96, 97
— fur trade on, 94–95, 108–117, 123, 124, 125, 136, 188, 189, 202, 204
— Gold Rushes and, 143, 160, 161, 180
— Sioux on, 63, 82, 93, 167
— smallpox epidemic on, 118-121
Modoc Indians, 184-185
Monida Pass, Montana, 14
Montana, 4, 5, 13, 15, 52, 61, 82, 121, 132, 133, 145
— Bison Range, 6, 34, 179 (illus.), 207, 222, 223–224, 225-226
— breeding in, 215, 219–220, 222-223
— buffalo jumps in, 69
Montana (cont.)
— buffalo retreat into, 157, 158, 159, 204, 205
— fur trade, 94–95, 108, 110, 189
— Lewis in, 93
mountain passes of, 14, 31, 73
— railroads, 184, 202, 203
Montezuma, 118
Montreal, Canada, 124, 130
Mooar, John, 190
Mooar, Josiah Wright, 189
Moorman, Madison Berryman, quoted, 140-141
moose, 7
Mormons, 140
Mosopelea Indians, 78
Mound Builders, 78
Mountain Chief (Blackfoot), 203
musk ox, 7
Musselshell River, 159
Myers, A. C., 197
Napoleon Bonaparte, 89
Napoleonic Wars, 100, 188
Nashville, Tennessee, 76
Navaho Indians, 54
Nebraska, 50, 53, 64, 177, 201
Nelson River, 124, 128
Nevada, 144, 208, 210
New Jersey, 11, 74
New Mexico, 4, 20, 170, 213
— Apaches in, 53, 55, 56
— Blackfeet in, 115
— Coronado in, 37, 38
— Louisiana boundary, 100
— trade and, 98-106
New Orleans, Louisiana, 89
New York City, N.Y., 190
New York State, 32, 79, 96
Nez Percé Indians, 61, 114, 185
— horses and, 5, 41, 80-81
— in Sun River Valley, 121, 158
Niagara River, 32
nomadism, see culture, nomadic
North American continent, 2, 3, 7, 11, 30
North Carolina, 13, 32, 74
Northern Pacific Railroad, 184, 203
North Platte River, 97, 134–136, 140, 177
Northwest Company of Canada, 110, 124, 128, 129
Northwest Mounted Police, 223
Oakley, Obadiah, quoted, 142
Ogden, Peter Skeene, 32
Oglala Sioux, 2, 63, 81, 181, 186
Oglethorpe, George, 75
Ohio River and Valley, 11, 32, 51, 59 62, 75, 82, 89
— buffalo breeding in, 214
— buffalo crossings, 12, 74
— forests of, 73
— Indian Wars in, 78-79
— Shawnees in, 76
— traffic, 90
Oklahoma, 41, 226
Omaha, Nebraska, 160, 174
Omaha Indians, 61, 62, 64, 82
Oñate, Juan de, quoted, 217-218
Ontario, Canada, 214
Oregon, 51, 31–32, 90, 96
Oregon Trail, 109, 134–147, 153, 160, 163, 180
Osages, 52, 54, 59–61, 62, 64, 189
— allies, 152, 153, 154
— wagon trains and, 105
Osgood, E. S., quoted, 173
Oswego, New York, 32
Oto Indians, 62, 64, 82
Ottawa Indians, 79
Pablo, Michel, 148 (illus.), 214, 222–223, 224
Pacific Coast, 89, 90, 93, 134-147
Palo Duro Canyon, Texas, 214, 220-221
Panic of 1873, 201
parfleches, 21, 46
Parkman, Francis, quoted, 1–2, 81, 136, 138
pastureland, 34, 156, 159, 225-226
— buffalo species and, 3, 6, 12–13, 30–31, 77
— cattle herds and, 172-174
— federal grants, 222–223, 224
— fire and, 10, 76, 91-92
— horses and, 4, 36, 39, 42, 61
— wagon trains and, 5, 143-144
Paviotso Indians, 208-209
Pawnee Indians, 52, 54, 79, 107 (illus.)
Pawnee Indians (cont.)
— agriculture of, 61, 64
— fur trade and, 136, 137, 189
— land losses, 159-160
— Spanish and, 99, 100, 101
— wagon trains and, 105, 137, 138–139, 143
Pecos River, 34, 48, 217
Pembina River, 125–126, 127–128, 129, 130, 141, 219
pemmican, 46, 57, 125, 126, 132
Pend d'Oreille Indians, 158, 219
Pennsylvania, 74
Piegan Blackfeet, 68, 113–114, 116, 119, 157–158, 220
Pierre's Hole, Idaho, 114
Pike, Zebulon, 89, 100
Pike's Peak, 160, 161
Pilcher, Joshua, 108–109, 114
Pine Ridge, South Dakota, 210, 211
piskins, 66–68, 70, 71, 157-158
Plains Indians (see also specific tribes), 6, 15, 18–24, 26, 62, 191, 196
— buffalo extermination and, 208, 210
— ghost dancer movement, 209-212
— horse culture of, 1–5, 13, 36–37, 38, 42–47, 80-87
— Sand Creek massacre and, 170
— Southern, 48-57
Platte River and Valley, 50, 51, 64, 90, 94, 153
— French on, 98, 99
— navigability, 134-136
— railroads and, 170, 174
— Stuart on, 96, 97
— wagon trains and, 5, 109, 136–137, 138, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 160, 161, 163
police, 47, 82, 84-87
Ponca Indians, 62, 64
Pope, Gen. John, 167
Porcupine Creek, 203
Potomac River, 32
Potawatomie Indians, 79
pottery, 40, 51, 53
Potts, John, 94
Powder River, 146, 180, 202, 203
— Sioux on, 121, 145, 168, 182, 184, 186
Powell, Maj. J. W., 183
prairie dog, 19, 20
Pueblo Indians, 4, 19, 20, 41, 53
— Apaches and, 40, 48, 49, 51-52
Querecho Indians, 37
railroads, 33, 90, 158, 164, 174-178
— bone trade and, 201, 202
— buffalo live transport, 223
— leather trade and, 6, 189, 190, 193, 196, 197
— Montana buffalo range and, 202, 203, 204
— Sioux War and, 184, 185
Ramsay, Mr., quoted, 75-76
Raton Pass, New Mexico, 53
Red Cloud (Sioux Chief), 181, 182-183
Red Deer Fork, 70
Red River, 41, 56, 90, 100
— Boone on, 77
Red River Valley, Canada, 123, 124, 125, 219
— métis of, 128–129, 130-133
religion, 3, 12, 18, 82, 208-210
— buffalo ''calling" and, 68, 83–84, 157-158
— Christian conversion, 55-56
— war charms and, 198
Reno, Maj. Marens A., 187
Republican River, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 177
Reynolds, Col. J. J., 186
Reynolds Pass, Montana, 14, 96
rice, 62–63, 93, 167
Richardson, Rupert N., 149
Richmond, Virginia, 214
Riel, Louis, 132-133
Riley, Maj. Bennett, 106
Rio Grande Valley, 37, 38, 40, 48, 51, 56, 213, 216
roads (see also railroads; wagon trains), 98–99, 155, 158
— buffalo, 13, 14–15, 77