— hide hunting and, 195, 202
— Montana routes, 180
— Sioux War and, 168, 181-187
Roanoke, Virginia, 74
Rocky Mountain Fur Company, 109, 110
Rocky Mountains, 99, 146, 170, 202, 224
— Apaches and, 50
— Canadian, 123
— Comanches and, 52, 54, 57
— exploration of, 89, 90, 96, 100
— Front Range, 68-69
Rocky Mountains (cont.)
— ice age, 7, 10-11
— passes of, 13, 14, 31, 93
— Spanish holdings and, 98, 100
— Texas cattle drives and, 173
Roosevelt, Theodore, 207, 223
Rosebud Creek, 186
Ross, Alexander, 132;
— quoted, 131
Russia, 90, 177
St. Anthony's Falls, 167
St. Joseph, Missouri, 140
St. Lawrence River, 133
St. Louis, Missouri, 93, 173, 189
— fur trade and, 90, 94, 95, 108, 116, 117, 124, 134, 136, 188
Santa Fé and, 99, 100
smallpox and, 118
St. Peter (vessel), 118-119
Salina, Kansas, 173, 174
salmon, 5, 61
Saltillo, Mexico, 154
salt licks, 13, 14, 74–75, 76-77
San Antonio, Texas, 55, 56
Sand Creek, Colorado, 170, 183
Sandy Creek, West Virginia, 14
Sanpoil Indians, 41
San Saba, Texas, 55, 153
Santa Fé, New Mexico, 53, 191, 202
Santa Fé Trail, 98-106, 109, 137, 152, 153
— Colorado mines and, 160, 162, 163, 164
Saskatchewan, Canada, 214
Saskatchewan River, 24, 66, 70, 133
— fur trade on, 123, 124, 125
Sauk Indians, 79, 167
Savannah River, 75
Scotland, 128
Scots, 124, 128, 130
Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, earl of, 128
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 213-214
settlement, 62, 78–79, 82, 89, 143
— buffalo population and, 2, 5–6, 31–32, 75–78, 111–113, 132, 156, 173
— buffalo trails and, 13-14
— farming and, 60, 63
— fur trade and, 71, 94, 129, 188
— homesteaders and, 201, 222-223
— of Kansas, 159, 160
— Mexican, 154-155
— smallpox and, 121
— white attitudes in, 150–152, 166, 167, 168-170
Seven Cities of Cibola, 37
Shawnee Indians, 10, 76, 79
sheep, 38, 39
Sheridan, Gen. Philip, 177, 183, 185
Shields, George O., quoted, 206
Shoshoni Indians, 40, 41, 52, 57
— Blackfeet and, 65, 70–71, 113, 114, 157
Siberia, 3, 11, 62, 65
Sibley, Gen. Henry Hastings, 167
Sierra Madre, Mexico, 154
Sierra Nevada Mountains, 161
Sioux Indians, 59, 61–64, 106, 143, 145, 202
— Custer and, 184, 185, 186-187
— ghost dance and, 210-212
— horses of, 42
— hunting of, 2, 62–63, 70, 121, 159, 167–168, 177, 180–181, 189, 204
— nomadism of, 4, 81, 82, 121
— police of, 87
Sioux War, 168, 181–187, 211
Sitting Bull (Sioux Chief), 186, 187, 204, 211
slavery, 55, 60, 152, 154, 166
— Kansas and, 159, 160
sleds, 27
smallpox, 5, 70–71, 118–121, 157
— Comanches and, 152, 153
Smoky Hill Fork, 160, 161, 174
Snake River and Valley, 13, 31, 32, 71, 96, 114, 137, 157, 180
snow, 16 (illus.), 23, 30, 203
Solis, Antonio de, 28
South Carolina, 13, 32, 74, 75
South Pass, Wyoming, 14, 31, 32
— Oregon Trail and, 134, 136, 137, 141
Spain, 55, 89, 90, 98, 99-100
— Mexican independence and, 101, 104
Spanish, 18–19, 26, 28–29, 118
— Apaches and, 48–51, 55-56
— buffalo raising, 213, 217-218
— horses and, 3, 4, 36–38, 41, 53, 82
— Santa Fé trade and, 98, 99, 100-101
Spanish-American Treaty of 1891, 100
— spears, 22-23
— throwers (atlatl), 11, 12, 24, 25
Spokane Indians, 61
Spotted Tail (Sioux Chief), 177
stagecoaches, 144, 164
stampede, 2, 10, 13, 34, 44, 84, 150, 206, 218
— Blackfoot hunting and, 66, 67, 68-69
— railroads and, 176-177
— in snow, 23, 72 (illus.)
— wagon trains and, 143, 162-163
steamboats, 110–111, 118, 124, 167, 180, 189, 202
Stevens, Gen. Isaac I., 158–159;
— quoted, 33
Stony Mountain, Manitoba, 220
Stony Mountain, Saskatchewan, 214
Stuart, Robert, quoted, 96–97, 134-135
Sublette, William, 109, 114
sunflower, 20, 51, 59
Sun River and Valley, 93
— Blackfoot lands in, 4, 69, 71, 115, 120, 121, 157, 158–159, 203, 220
"surround, the," 19–20, 24–25, 35 (illus.), 66
Sweet Grass Hills, Montana, 158, 203, 204
Sweetwater River, 134
tail (buffalo), 27, 29
tallow (buffalo), 116–117, 125, 126, 132
tanning, see leather
Taos, New Mexico, 100-101
tapir, 10
Taylor bison (B. taylori), 12
Tennessee, 13, 32, 74, 75, 79
Tennessee River, 32, 74
Terry, Gen. Alfred A., 186, 187
Teton River, 157
Teton Sioux, 63, 82, 93, 116
Texas, 26, 28, 30, 41, 50, 51, 52, 222
— Blackfeet in, 115
— buffalo ranges of, 31, 32, 34, 172, 207, 220-221
— Comanches in, 4, 56, 57, 150–155, 170–171, 196-199
— Coronado in, 18–19, 29, 37, 48
— LaSalle colony in, 55
— longhorn cattle of, 172-174
Theodore Roosevelt Memorial National Park, North Dakota, 226
Thompson, David, quoted, 85-86
Three Forks, Montana, 31
— Indian lands at, 71, 94, 95, 113, 114, 157
tipis, 4, 19, 57, 93
— Apache, 48, 49, 50
— horse culture and, 42, 43, 46, 61
Tongue River, 146, 180, 181, 186
Tonkawa Indians, 54
Toronto, Canada, 223
torture, ceremonial, 82, 83
trade, 115, 167, 183
— Apache, 49, 50-51
— in bones, 196, 201-202
— in buffalo fat, 116-117
— Canadian posts, 124–126, 131, 132
— exploration and, 89, 90
— fur see fur trade
— in guns, 52, 56, 70, 79, 82, 121, 151, 153
— in Indian horses, 41, 43, 70, 151, 153, 154
— in leather, 6, 189–199, 203, 204, 205
— Oregon Trail and, 136–137, 138–139, 140, 143
— Santa Fé Trail and, 98-106, 152
— smallpox and, 118–120, 152
transportation (see also specific modes, e.g., railroads), 6, 97, 99
waterway, 89, 90, 110–111, 115, 116, 117, 123, 124–125, 134–136, 188, 189, 202
Treaty of Paris (1763), 99, 124
Trinity River, 37
Two Guns White Calf (Blackfoot Chief), 65
Union Pacific Railroad, 6, 174
United States Army, 54, 144, 166, 177
— Baker massacre and, 203
— Cheyenne raids and, 169-170
— forts on Indian lands, 181, 182–183, 184, 185, 186
— hide hunting boom and, 6, 196, 205, 206
— Sioux massacres by, 187, 211-212
— in Texas, 149–150, 153, 155
United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, 105, 144–145, 153, 168
— breeding experiments and, 220
— ghost dances and, 210-212
United States Congress, 168
— grazing lands and, 223-224
— hunting laws and, 122 (illus.), 205, 206, 207
— Indian meat rations and, 210
United States Department of the Interior, 144
United States Department of War, 144
United States National Bison Range, 6, 179 (illus.), 207, 222, 223–224, 225-226
United States National Museum, 206-207