Atlantic Alliance see North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Atlas missile, 97, 103–4, 106, 364
attack aircraft see fighter and attack aircraft
Attlee, Clement, 17, 48
Australia: aircraft carrier, 205; armoured personnel carrier, 277
Austria: peace treaty (1955), 26
AWACS see air warning and control system
ballistic missiles: development, 83–4; warheads, 91–4; accuracy, 93; defences, 103; stand-off, 129–31; availability, 156–7; reliability, 157–8; see also intercontinental ballistic missiles; intermediate-range ballistic missiles
Baltic Sea: NATO defence of, 167, 169; Soviet fleet in, 177–80, 182; in Warsaw Pact attack plans, 359
Baltic states: independence (1990–1), 67
Barents Sea, 198
battleships and battlecruisers, 217–18, 225
Belarus: independence (1991), 67
Belgium: in Benelux, 10–11; in Brussels Treaty, 11; navy, 167; army, 232; airborne troops, 242–3; mobilization, 244; logistical problems, 246; and refugee problem, 246; deployment of forces, 248; armoured infantry fighting vehicles, 277; air force and aircraft, 298–9, 308–9
Benelux (Belgium–Netherlands–Luxembourg group): formed, 10–11
Beneš, Edward, 6–7
Berlin: occupied and divided, 9, 328–9; Soviet blockade and Allied airlift (1948), 9, 332, 338; 1971 agreement (‘Berlin Accord’), 28, 344; demonstrations and opening of Wall (1989), 31, 67, 345; French occupation zone, 33, 35, 329, 332, 346–7; uprisings (Eastern), 57, 67, 336, 340; responsibilities for defence, 323, 358; status and administration, 328–31, 344, 346–7; access, 329–30, 341; Air Safety Centre (BASC), 329; military strengths and organization (Western), 333–5, 339; contingency plans, 336–7; Wall built (1961), 337, 342; land reconnaissances (‘probes’), 338–9; incidents and confrontations, 339–44, 347; reunification, 345–6; life and conditions in (1945–89), 346–8
Bessarabia, 9
Bevin, Ernest, 16–18, 21
Bikini Atoll, 72
Black Sea: naval forces in, 169–70, 178, 181
blast (nuclear), 73–4
bomber aircraft: types and performance, 124–30; defence and countermeasures against, 130–3; deployment, 133; targets, 133–4, 139; air tankers, 134, 415; strategic, 413–17
Bornholm (Baltic island), 13, 359
Brandt, Willy, 28
Braun, Werner von, 96, 351
Braziclass="underline" aircraft carrier, 205
Bremerhaven, 231
Brezhnev, Leonid: visits Berlin and Washington, 29; ‘Socialist Commonwealth’ doctrine, 59; and Polish crisis, 64; and submarine missile systems, 120; and strategic bombers, 129
Brunssum, 35, 51, 238, 296–7
Brussels: NATO HQ in, 27n, 52
Brussels Treaty see Western Union
Budapest, 58–9
Bukovina, 9
Bulganin, Nikolai, 62
Bulgaria: as Soviet satellite, 4; Communist government, 6; in Warsaw Pact, 54; navy, 181–2; airborne troops, 256
Bush, George, 384
Canada: and founding of NATO, 17–18; navy, 167; submarine programme, 189; aircraft carrier, 205; army, 232; airborne troops, 242; air force and aircraft, 298, 306, 308, 311; financial difficulties, 380
Carter, Jimmy, 84, 127, 366, 385–6
casualties: from nuclear attacks, 373–5, 442n
Ceauşescu, Nikolae, 66–7, 181, 183
Central Group of Forces (Soviet; CGF), 253
Challenger (UK ship), 123
Chernenko, Konstantin, 43
Chevaline submarine missile system, 141
China, People’s Republic of (PRC): Communist supremacy in, 9, 47; nuclear weapons, 27, 144–8; relations with Albania, 65, 182; nuclear testing, 80–1, 145, 405; as nuclear-target reserve, 91; bombers, 145; land-based missiles, 145–8, 421; submarines, 147, 157, 418; targeting strategy, 147–8; supplies naval ships to Romania, 183; in Korean War, 257; in US nuclear strategy, 366
Churchill, Sir Winston S.: on ‘iron curtain’, 4, 231; on post-war bewilderment, 5; and naval command, 48
civil defence: cost and effectiveness, 149–50, 154; in USA, 149, 151; in USSR, 149–51; in UK, 152–3
civilian population: reaction to attacks, 81–2; casualties, 373–5, 442n; see also civil defence
Clay, General Lucius, 336
Closely Based Spacing (or ‘Dense Pack’), 107
Communist parties: in eastern Europe, 4, 6–8; in western Europe, 8–9; in Asia, 9–10, 47
Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE; Helsinki, 1972), 28, 30, 42
Conqueror (UK submarine), 188
conscription, 232
Conventional Armed Forces in Europe talks (CFE; Vienna, 1989), 31
counter-military potential (CMP), 156, 160
cruise missiles, 30, 42–4, 84n, 95 & n, 111, 113, 131, 191, 198
Cuba: Missile Crisis (1962), 27, 40, 65–6, 176; as Soviet ally, 174
Cyprus: Turkey invades, 37
Czechoslovakia: as Soviet satellite, 4, 7; Communist government in, 6–7, 11, 17, 59; ethnic Germans in, 6; invaded by Warsaw Pact forces (1968), 28, 38–40, 59–61, 253, 322, 325; and East Germans’ escapes to West, 31, 345; in Warsaw Pact, 55; armaments, 56; Soviet troops withdraw from (1990), 67; military forces, 253; airborne troops, 256; armoured personnel carriers, 279; artillery, 284, 437; aircraft industry, 313n; air force in, 315; in Warsaw Pact attack plans, 361–2
Denmark: and Nordic pact, 13–15; membership of NATO, 19, 22; relations with Iceland, 20; opposes missile deployment, 42; sea supplies to, 163; navy, 167; army, 232–3; in NATO defence strategy, 238; air force and aircraft, 298, 308
deterrence strategy, 84–6, 366–7, 387
DF weapons (China), 146–8
Dien Bien Phu, 34, 282
Dimitrov, Georgi, 6
Doolittle, Lieutenant-Colonel James, 199n
Douglas, William Sholto, 1st Baron, 338
Dreadnought (UK submarine), 188
Dresden: bombed (1945), 74, 372–4
Dubček, Alexander, 59
Dulles, John Foster, 355
Dunkirk Treaty (1947), 10–11, 21
East Berlin see Berlin
East Germany (German Democratic Republic): admitted to UN, 29; recognized by West, 29; escapees to West, 31, 341–2, 345; in Warsaw Pact, 55; troops in 1968 Czechoslovak invasion, 60–1; and 1980 Polish crisis, 64; navy, 181–2; amphibious capability, 227; Soviet forces in, 250–2; military forces, 253; airborne troops, 256; air force and aircraft, 312n, 316; set up, 330; Soviet attitude to, 333; unrest in, 336; and status of West Berlin, 340; US food aid to, 340; 1989 demonstrations, 345; responsibility for taking Berlin, 348, 358; in Warsaw Pact attack plans, 358, 361–2; see also Germany
Easton, Admiral Sir Ian, 140
Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, 89
Egypt: 1973 attack on Israel, 28, 319–20; as Soviet ally, 174; see also Suez crisis
Eilat (Israeli destroyer), 178
Eisenhower, Dwight D.: and ‘tripwire’ strategy, 27n; and US spy plane (1960), 27; as Supreme Allied Commander, 47; offers food aid to East Germany, 340; accepts Berlin air-ceiling limit, 341; and battlefield nuclear weapons, 355
electromagnetic pulse (EMP), 76–7,105
electronic countermeasures (ECM), 130
electronics: effects of nuclear explosions on, 72, 76–7
Emergency Rocket Communications System (ERCS), 98
enhanced-radiation warhead, 75, 77, 350, 385–6
equivalent megatonnage (EMT; nuclear weapons), 155–6
Estonia: independence (1991), 67 Ethan Allen (US submarine), 158
Europe: post-war division and disorder, 3–5; peace settlement (1946–7), 9; NATO Central Region ground forces in, 231–2; NATO defensive strategy and forces in, 237–49, 375–6; deployment of Warsaw Pact forces in, 250–6; Warsaw Pact attack threat in, 358–62, 375–6