Polaris submarine missile system, 111–12, 114–16, 139–41, 200, 206, 364
Portugaclass="underline" and membership of NATO, 21; 1974 coup, 37; navy, 171; submarines, 195; amphibious forces, 227; airborne troops, 242
Poseidon submarine missile system, 112, 114, 141, 158
Potsdam Conference (1945), 3, 6
Poznán, Poland, 57–8, 62, 67
‘Prague Spring’ (1968), 59
pre-emptive attacks (nuclear), 78–9
Project E, 137–8, 140
Queuille, Henri, 21
Quick Reaction Alert (QRA; bomber aircraft), 133
Raborn, Rear-Admiral William, 111, 113
radiation see residual nuclear radiation; thermal radiation
Rákosi, Mátyás, 57–8
Ramadier, Paul, 21
Ramstein, Germany, 51, 297, 335
ranks (military), 401
re-entry vehicles (RVs), 92–3
Reagan, Ronald: presidency (1981), 30; and deterrence, 84; and B-1B bomber, 127; and battleships, 218; strengthens Marine Corps, 224; and resort to war, 386
refugees (‘displaced persons’), 5–6, 9, 246
Regulus cruise-missile, 111, 113, 191
residual nuclear radiation (fallout), 75–6, 80–1
Resolution (UK submarine), 140–1
Reykjavik: Reagan-Gorbachev meeting (1986), 30
Rheindahlen, Germany, 238
Rickover, Admiral Hyman, 165 & n, 185
Rigel missile, 111
Robb, Air Chief Marshal Sir James, 12, 392
Rokossovsky, Marshal Konstantin, 54, 62
Roman Catholic Church: supports nuclear deterrence, 36; anti-Communism in eastern Europe, 67
Romania: as Soviet satellite, 4; Communist government in, 7–8, 65; 1946–7 peace settlement, 9; troop levels, 31; in Warsaw Pact, 55, 66; breach with USSR, 65–6; in World War II, 65; military resources, 66; 1989 collapse, 67; navy, 181, 183; airborne troops, 256
Rome: NATO Defence College, 35
Royal Air Force (Germany) (UK), 299–300
Royal Observer Corps (UK), 152 & n
Rozhdestvensky, Admiral Zinovy P., 175
Rügen island (Baltic), 63, 64n
Rusk, Dean, 65
Russo-Japanese War (1904–5), 175n
San Juan (US submarine), 186
Sarajevo: 1914 assassination, 326
satellites: and NATO communications, 52; and navigation systems, 112; monitoring of enemy movements, 123
Sazan naval base, Albania, 65, 181
Scandinavia: and potential Soviet threat, 13
Schlieffen Plan, 326
Schmidt, Helmut, 42
Scorpion (US submarine), 186
Seawolf (US submarine), 185
self-propelled guns, 282–5
silos, 103–6
Single Integrated Operation Plan (SIOP), 364–6
single-shot kill probability (SSKP), 158–9
Sirte, Gulf of (Libya), 210
Six-Day War (1967), 178
Snark pilotless bomber, 95
Sokolovskiy, Marshal V. D., 85, 206, 255, 320, 331, 347
Soviet Military Power: first issued (1981), 29
Soviet Naval Infantry, 226–7
Soviet navy: submarine missile systems and strategy, 117–23, 158, 178, 206–7, 213, 411–12; submarine types and classes, 117, 119–21, 206, 409–10; development and strength, 164, 166, 174–7, 213, 425; activities and exercises, 177–81; battleships, 177, 217; nuclear submarines, 187–8, 429; diesel-electric submarines, 191–3, 430; aircraft carriers, 196, 204–5; anti-carrier warfare, 206–7; surface warships, 212–13; amphibious landings, 223; manning, 324
Soviet Union: bomber-aircraft threat, 3–7, 303; post-war disagreements with Allies, 3; post-war power and position, 4–6; territorial defence and satellites, 4, 6; ethnic transportations, 5; and administration of Berlin, 9, 328–33, 336, 339–41; Berlin blockade, 9, 332–3, 338; controls eastern Europe, 9, 13; and Brussels Treaty, 12; expansionist policy, 17–18; forms and dominates Warsaw Pact, 26, 54–6; invades Hungary (1956), 26, 37, 57–9; shoots down US spy plane, 26; 1970 German Treaty, 28; claims right of intervention in eastern Europe, 28; invades Afghanistan, 29; attack strategy, 30, 361; troop reductions (1989), 31; withdraws from Afghanistan, 31; forces deployed in Czechoslovakia (1968), 38, 40; deploys SS-20 missiles, 40–3; as nuclear power, 47; troops in Warsaw Pact countries, 55–6; withholds nuclear weapons from Warsaw Pact allies, 57; and Polish unrest (1980–1), 62–4; troops withdraw from Czechoslovakia and Hungary (1990), 67; western republics declare independence from (1990–1), 67; nuclear testing, 80–1, 405; nuclear strategy, 85–90, 366, 386; World War II casualties, 86, 373; nuclear targets in, 91, 364–5, 441–2; ICBM development, 98–102; strategic missiles, 98–102, 422–4; strategic bombers, 127–30, 414; targeted by China, 147; civil defence, 149–51; deployment of forces in Europe, 250–6; airborne troops, 254–6; battle tanks, 258–9, 262–5, 268, 272–4, 435–6; infantry carriers, 278–9; field artillery, 283–6, 437; air-defence missiles and guns, 288–91; aircraft development, 312–16; air force, 314–15; mobilization plans, 324; battlefield nuclear weapons, 353, 355, 440; in US nuclear strategy, 363–4, 441–2; effects of nuclear attacks on, 370–5; procurement and financing, 381–2; land-based missiles, 407–8; sea-launched ballistic missiles, 409–10; nuclear submarine accidents, 426–8; see also Warsaw Pact
Spain: membership of NATO, 22, 29–30, 243; and NATO command structure, 50; navy, 171, 198n; submarines, 195; marines, 227; airborne troops, 242; tanks, 270n
Spanish Civil War (1936–9), 81n
Spínola, General Antonio, 37
SS missiles (USSR), 30, 40–4, 98–102, 105–6, 108, 117, 145–6, 207, 353, 366, 384
SS-N missiles (USSR), 116n, 117–22, 158, 178, 206–7, 213
SSBNs see submarines: ballistic, nuclear
Stalin, Josef V.: 1946 Five-Year Plan, 4; defence obsession, 6; and Yugoslavia, 8; and Finnish treaty, 17; and US threat, 54; split with Tito, 64; builds up fleet, 217
stand-off missiles, 130–2
Strategic Air Command (USA), 125–6, 132–4, 139
Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT): Round I, 28, 112; Round II, 28, 41–2; and Soviet missiles, 100, 102; and strategic bombers, 129
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI; ‘Star Wars’), 30
submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs): launching, 88–9, 113–17, 158; German, 110, 169; US, 110–17, 409–11; Soviet, 117–23, 158, 178, 206–7, 213, 411–12; British, 140–1, 418; French, 143–4, 418; Chinese, 147, 418; reliability, 158; and nuclear balance, 159–60; in anti-carrier warfare, 206–7
submarines: ballistic, nuclear (SSBNs), 88–9, 91, 93, 110, 123; in nuclear strikes, 88; German (U-boats), 110, 164, 169, 184, 190, 192–4; US types and classes, 110–15, 409–10; diesel-electric, 117, 119, 190–5, 211, 430; Soviet types and classes, 117, 119–21, 206, 409–10; miniature (X-craft), 121n, 194; British, 140–1, 418; availability, 156–7; Soviet strength, 164–5, 211, 429–30; countermeasures against, 165, 191, 210–12; nuclear-powered, 165, 184–9; Romanian, 183; accidents (nuclear), 426–8; see also submarine-launched ballistic missiles
Sudetenland, 5, 7
Suez crisis (1956), 26, 34, 37, 58, 223
Sun Tzu, 320, 387
Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE), 47
surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), 135, 286–9, 314
Suslov, Mikhail, 58
Sweden: and Nordic pact, 14–15; declines NATO membership, 19–20; civil defence, 153; battle tank, 273
Switzerland: civil defence, 153
tanker aircraft, 134, 415
tanks (battle): British, 157, 259, 264, 268–9, 272–4, 435; characteristics and performance, 257–61; Soviet, 258–9, 262–5, 268, 272–4, 435–6; defence against, 259–61; US, 259, 265–8, 271–2, 435; fire-control systems, 260–1; armour and defence, 261–2, 270; propulsion and engines, 262; French, 265, 270, 435; NATO, 265–72; West German, 265–73, 435; Swedish, 273; costs, 274