ARTOIS. Became King Charles X on the death of his brother Louis XVIII in 1824. A characteristic Bourbon, he could neither learn nor forget. His reactionary rule ended with the July Revolution of 1830 when the former Duc de Chartres, now Duc d’Orléans, became King Louis Philippe.
AUGEARD. After the arrest of the royal family at Varennes he went to Brussels where he publicized the royalist manifesto against the Constitution of 1791. He soon returned to Paris and took part in various intrigues. Emigrated in 1792. Returning to France after 18 Brumaire, he died in Paris in 1805.
AUGEREAU. Became a marshal in 1804 and distinguished himself at Jena and Eylau where he was badly wounded and thereafter never recovered his former powers. He agreed to serve Louis XVIII at the first Restoration, then, during the Hundred Days, offered his services to Napoleon who refused them, calling him a traitor. He was deprived of his rank and pension at the second Restoration of Louis XVIII in 1815 and died the following year.
BARBAROUX. After the fall of the Girondins he escaped to Caen, then moved to Saint-Émilion where he wrote his Mémoires. His hiding place discovered in June 1794, he tried to shoot himself but missed his aim, shattered his jaw and mutilated his tongue. Thus painfully wounded he was taken to Bordeaux and there guillotined.
BARENTIN. Emigrated in 1790, first to Piedmont, then to Germany and finally to England. Returned to France after the First Restoration but on account of his age was not reappointed Keeper of the Seals. He died in Paris in May 1819.
BARÉRE. Removed from the Isle of Oléron to Saintes, he escaped to Bordeaux and remained there in hiding for some years. On his emergence, Bonaparte employed him as a secret agent. At the restoration of the Bourbon dynasty he was banished from France as a regicide–‘the tree of liberty could not grow if it were not watered with the blood of Kings’, he had declared during Louis XVI’s trial. He went to live in Belgium, returning to France after the revolution of July 1830. He was granted a pension by King Louis Philippe and died in 1841 at the age of eighty-five, the last survivor of the Committee of Public Safety.
BARRAS. His political life came to an end with the fall of the Directory. Having amassed a great fortune he lived in luxurious comfort until his death in 1829.
BARTHÉLEMY. Escaped from French Guiana to the United States, thence to England. Returned to France after 18 Brumaire and entered the Senate. Deserted Napoleon in 1814, went into hiding during the Hundred Days, and was created a marquis after the second Restoration. He died in 1819.
BERNADOTTE. Appointed a marshal of France under the Empire, he was elected successor to the Swedish throne in 1810. He became King Charles XIV of Sweden in 1818 and died at Stockholm in 1844.
BESENVAL. Arrested after the fall of the Bastille, he was brought to trial by the tribunal of the Châtelet and acquitted. He died in obscurity in Paris in 1794.
BILLAUD-VARENNE. Deported to French Guiana after the insurrection of 12 Germinal 1795, he survived the ‘dry guillotine’ in a hut made of palm leaves and refused a pardon offered him by Napoleon after 18 Brumaire. He left Guiana in 1816 for Haiti where he died of dysentery three years later.
BOISSY D’ANGLAS. Suspected of royalism by the Directory whom he vigorously attacked, he was proscribed on 18 Fructidor 1797 and went to live in England. Returning to France after 18 Brumaire, he was elected a member of the Tribunate, a senator in 1805 and a peer of France in 1814. He served Napoleon during the Hundred Days and was consequently for a time excluded from the chamber of peers. He died in 1828.
BONAPARTE, LUCIEN. Became Minister of the Interior during the Consulate but differences of opinion with his brother led to his dismissal. He was appointed Ambassador in Madrid in 1800 but disagreed with his brother there, too. The final break with Napoleon came when he married his mistress instead of the widow of the King of Etruria as was required of him. He went to live in Italy, and subsequently lived in England having been captured by a British ship on his way to the United States. He returned to Rome in 1814, but went back to France to support Napoleon, with whom he was by then reconciled, during the Hundred Days. Returning once more to Italy at the Second Restoration, he died in Rome in 1840.
BOURDON, LÉONARD. Arrested after 12 Germinal and imprisoned in the Château de Ham from which he was released by the Directory to establish a comité de propagande in Hamburg. Soon recalled, he was appointed a member of the administrative council of the military hospital at Toulon under the Consulate. He died shortly before the Restoration.
BOURDON DE L’OISE. Arrested after 18 Fructidor, he was deported to French Guiana where he died soon after his arrival.
BOURIENNE. Sent to Hamburg as French envoy in 1802, he was recalled in disgrace in 1810, having accumulated an enormous fortune. He went over to the Bourbons in 1814, and thereafter lived in obscurity, dying at Caen in 1834.
BRETEUIL. After the fall of the Bastille, he fled to Switzerland, one of the first of the émigrés. For some time he acted for Louis XVI in negotiations with the European courts and with the Comtes de Provence and Artois; but, following the execution of Marie Antoinette, he retired into private life in Germany. He returned to France in 1802 and died in Paris in 1806.
BRIENNE. Returned to France from Italy at the outbreak of the Revolution and took the oath of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. Tried to explain his conduct to the Pope who would not excuse it and accepted his resignation as a cardinal. Distrusted also by the revolutionary Government, he was arrested at Sens in November 1793 and died in prison soon afterwards either of poisoning or of a stroke.
BROGLIE. An early émigré, he commanded the ‘army of the princes’ for a short time in 1792. He died at Münster in 1804.
BUZOT. After the fall of the Girondins, he fled to Normandy thence, when the uprising there failed, to the Gironde. Hunted by police spies with trained dogs he was forced to leave his hiding place and on 18 June 1794 his body, partly devoured by animals, was found on the outskirts of a wood near Châtillon.
CALONNE. After being dismissed by Louis XVI and exiled to Lorraine, he went to live in England where he corresponded with Necker. Forbidden to return to France to offer himself for election to the Estates General in 1789, he joined the émigrés at Coblenz. He went back to France with Napoleon’s permission in 1802, but died a few weeks after his arrival.
CAMBON. During the Thermidorian reaction he was proscribed as a former Montagnard and felt compelled to leave France. He returned in 1795 and went to live in retirement near Montpelier. Condemned as a regicide in 1816 he had to go abroad again. He died in Brussels in 1820.
CARNOT. Fled abroad after the coup d’état of 18 Fructidor, returning after 18 Brumaire and becoming Minister of War in 1800. He resigned the following year and in 1810 published his celebrated work on fortifications, De la défense des places fortes. When France was threatened in 1814 he offered his services to Napoleon and was appointed Governor of Antwerp. Minister of the Interior during the Hundred Days, he had to go abroad again on the second Restoration. He died at Magdeburg in 1823.
CAZALÈS. Emigrated after the fall of the monarchy in 1792. He fought with the émigré army. Returning to France in 1802, he died two years later.