Barthélemy, François, 297, 306
Bas, Laurent, 213, 214
Bastille, conditions in, 71; prisoners, 72; governor of, 72–3; preparations against attack, 73; guns withdrawn, 74; storming of, 75–80; vainqueurs, 82–3; sightseers and souvenirs, 83; Brissot in, 137
Bayon, Captain, 125, 126–7
Belgium, 193, 257
Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste, 299, 302, 306
Besenval, Baron de, 69, 70, 306
Billaud-Varenne, Jean-Nicolas (1756–1819), encourages septembriseurs, 176; on Committee of Public Safety, 217; attacks Dantonists, 235; deserts Hébertists, 235; and Danton, 236, 241; and Fabre d’Églantine, 243; and Robespierre, 254, 257, 260–61; expelled from Jacobin Club, 262; attacks Jacobins, 262; urges attack, 265; loses office, 271; brought to trial, 272; transportation, 274; later life and death, 306
Biron, Armand-Louis, Duc de, 145, 215
Blaikie, Thomas, 105
Boissy d’Anglas, François-Antoine, 276, 282, 306–7
Bon, Joseph le, 228
Bonaparte, Josephine, later Empress Josephine (1763–1814), 295, 301, 312
Bonaparte, Lucien (1775–1840), 300, 302, 304, 307
Bonaparte, Napoleon, later Emperor Napoleon I (1769–1821), Concordat with Papacy, 112; career and opinions, 285; appearance, 285; and journées of Vendémiaire, 286, 287; and Josephine, 295, 301; Commander-in-Chief in Italy, 295; Italian campaign, 296; loot, 296; his independence, 296–7; and Augerau, 297; and Egyptian campaign, 298; hero’s welcome in Paris, 300; character, 301; and coup d’état of Brumaire, 301, 302, 303–4; disastrous address to Five Hundred, 303; First Consul and Emperor, 304
Bordeaux, 34, 194, 228–9, 277
Bouillé, François-Claude, Marquis de, 121, 122, 127
Bourdon, Léonard, 265, 307
Bourienne, Fauvelet de, 303, 307
bread riots, 63, 91, 92, 96–7, 274; march of market women, 97–100, 101, 104–5; the ‘baker’, 105; 1789 harvest, 109; 1793 shortage, 216; rationed, 273; march of 12 Germinal, 274; ration reduced, 283, 292
Breteuil, Louis-Charles, Baron de, 64, 87, 88, 307
Brienne, Loménie de, Archbishop of Toulouse, 38, 39–40, 307
Brissot, Jacques Pierre (1754–93), 141; history, 136–7; advocates war, 138; pleads for King’s life, 184; and Robespierre, 210; condemned to death, 222; sent to l’Abbaye, 223
Brittany, Young on conditions in, 30; riots, 40, 194; members of Third Estate, 50; tactics by delegates from, 93; Bretons and Angevins, 112; émigré forces land in, 281
Broglie, Victor-François, Duc de, 89, 308
Brunswick Manifesto, 153
Buzot, François, 136, 224, 308
calendar, new, 231
Calonne, Charles-Alexandre de (1734–1802), 37–9, 308
Cambon, Pierre Joseph, 260, 308
Campan, Madame, 149, 155
Campo-Formio, Treaty of, 296, 298
Camus, Armand Gaston, 112
Carichon, Abbé, 247–8
Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), 223
Carnot, Lazare (1753–1823), on Committee of Public Safety, 215, 216; organizer of Revolution’s victory, 215–16; and Danton’s arrest, 238; and Robespierre, 254, 257, 260; and Saint-Just, 261; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; loses office, 271; spared, 279; Director, 291; and ‘Conspiracy of Equals’, 294; and royalist campaign, 295; flees abroad, 297; later life, 308
Carrier, Jean Baptiste, 228, 272
Cazalès, Jacques de, 49, 308
Chabot, François, 158, 308
Champ de Mars, troops encamped on, 70; massacre of, 134–5; 14 July celebrations of 1792, 151–2; mob demands King’s abdication, 154; Bailly’s humiliation at, 224–5; Festival of Supreme Being, 253
Charles X, King, see Artois, Comte de
Chartres, Duc de, later King Louis Philippe (1773–1850), 178, 194, 308
Chaumette, Pierre-Gaspard (1763–94), 230, 231, 244
Choiseul, Étienne-François, Duc de (1719–85), 122–3, 128, 308–9
Chouans, 281, 283, 285
Church, the, riches and power of, 30–31; abolition of tithes, 95; estates nationalized, 109–10, 137; Civil constitution of the Clergy, 111; divided over schism with Rome, 111–12; anti-clericalism in Paris, 117–18, 230; de-Christianization campaign, 230–33; reaction against de-Christianization, 233; Robespierre attacks atheism, 251; Louis XVIII’s promise to, 281
clergy, landowners, 30; and taxation, 40; and Estates General, 40, 45; and Third Estate, 53–5, 59; and National Assembly, 62; Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 111–12, 115; and Legislative Assembly, 136, 145; non-juring priests, 138; campaigns against refractory priests, 146, 151, 168; September Massacres, 170; in National Convention, 180; deportation of priests, 194; celibacy denounced, 230; attitude to new calendar, 231; and de-Christianization programme, 233; percentage of victims of guillotine, 248; transportation of priests, 297–8; oath of hatred, 298
Clermont-Tonerre, Duc de, 49, 109, 309
Cléry, Jean-Baptiste, 182–3, 186, 189, 309
Club du Manège, 300
Coffinhal, Pierre, 266, 309
Collot d’Herbois, Jean-Marie (1749–96), on Committee of Public Safety, 217; Terror at Lyons, 227; attacks Dantonists, 235; deserts Hébertists, 235; and Danton, 241; and Robespierre, 254, 260; expelled from Jacobin Club, 261; and Saint-Just, 261–2; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; loses office, 271; brought to trial, 272; transported, 274; death of, 309
comités de surveillance, 194
Commission of Twelve, 198, 199
Committee of Clemency, 235
Committee of General Security, and trial of Danton, 237, 242; and Robespierre, 257, 258, 259, 260; National Guard refused entry to, 263–4
Committee of Public Safety, authority of, 195; seizes Roland’s papers, 195; and Girondins, 199; attempts to subdue uprisings, 202; and Danton, 203, 214, 237; and Robespierre, 203, 211, 254, 257, 258, 259, 260, 266; meets demands of Enragés, 214; takes increasingly zealous measures, 215; decrees levée en masse, 215; and Terror, 225; recalls agents to Paris, 233; and Hébertists, 235–6; and Indulgents, 236; Saint-Just and Danton’s trial, 242; law of 22 Priarial, 245; and centralization of revolutionary justice, 246; spies, 255; proposed distribution of confiscated estates, 256; Robespierrists in, 267; reduced powers of, 271
Committee of Thirty, 42
Commune of Paris, formation of, 91; and National Guardsmen, 153; disbanded, 154; and September Massacres, 176, 178; Girondins attempt to overthrow, 198; and Robespierrists, 237, 263, 264; purge, 271; rioters demand re-establishment of, 276
Compagnie du Soleil, 272
Conciergerie, 173, 221, 223, 267
Condé, Prince de, 281
Condorcet, Marie-Jean de Caritat, Marquis de (1743–94), 42, 143, 309
Constituent Assembly, 133, 136
Constitution, promulgated, 136; grants King right of veto, 138; Queen’s opinion of, 143; sans-culottes demand resurrection of, 274, 276; new Constitution, 282, 283; oath of hatred of 1793 Constitution, 298; and Consuls of French Republic, 304
Corday, Charlotte (1768–93), 212–14, 309–10
Cordeliers Club, encourage violence, 133; and Champ de Mars massacre, 134; and Hébert, 140; Legendre, 147; Danton, 167, 168; Roux, 212; Chaumette, 230