Couthon, Georges (1755–94), on Terror, 246; and Robespierre, 254, 257; compromises, 259; arrested, 263; falls downstairs, 266; execution, 267, 268
Custine, Armand-Louis, Marquis de 193, 194, 202, 215
Danton, Georges Jacques (1759–94), Minister of Justice, 162, 168; background and appearance, 165; personality, 165, 179; lawyer, 165–6, 206; orator, 166–7, 196; revolutionary, 167–8; call to arms, 169; and September Massacres, 178; Rolands vilify, 181; attitude to King, 181; territorial expansion, 193; defies European courts, 193; defends Revolutionary Tribunal, 195; and Girondins, 195–6, 199; joins Montagnards, 196; discredited, 203; proposal for Convention, 214–15; extravagant demands, 217; enjoys private life, 233–4; condemns de-Christianization programme, 234–5; advocates toleration and moderation, 235; and Robespierre, 235, 236–7, 244, 251; believes himself invulnerable, 236; on Virtue, 237; arrested, 238–9; remorse, 238; trial, 239, 241–3; and his condemned friends, 243–4; execution, 244; ‘natural frontiers’, 296
Dantonists, 215, 234, 235, 243–4
David, Jacques-Louis (1774–1825), ‘Marat Assassinated’, 214, 272; portrait of Lepeletier, 216–17, 272; and Danton, 244; and Festival of Supreme Being, 252; and Robespierre, 261; imprisoned, 279–80; portrait of Napoleon, 310; later life, 310
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, 95, 100, 148, 267
Deflue, Louis, 72–3, 76, 80, 81, 82
Derobespierre family, see Robespierre
Desbouillons, Pierre-François, 159
Desmoulins, Camille (1760–94), 141, 156; history, 65; calls mob to arms, 65–6; wants King brought to Paris, 96; in hiding, 135; and Girondins, 195, 236; his reference to Robespierre, 236; trial, 239; helps Fouquier-Tinville, 240; execution, 243
Desmoulins, Lucille, 156, 242, 243, 244–5
Desnot, an out-of-work cook, 81–2
Destez, Jacques, 126
Dillon, Théobald, 145
Directory, executive power of, 282; uniform, 282, 291; Directors, 291; statement of intent, 291; and Jacobins, 293, 294, 298; and ‘Conspiracy of Equals’, 294; and royalist campaign, 294–5; and Bonaparte, 295, 296–7; military plans, 296; and coup d’état of 18 Fructidor, 297–8; beneficial reforms by, 298; and Egyptian expedition, 298; levée en masse, 298; Councils attack, 299; and Lucien Bonaparte, 300
Doué, Foullon de, 92
Dreux Brézé, Henri-Éverard, Marquis de (1762–1829), 62
Drouet, Jean-Baptiste, 125, 310
Du Barry, Comtesse, 25, 225
Ducos, Roger, 299, 302, 304, 310
Dumas, René, 261, 267
Dumont, André, 275, 276, 310
Dumont, Étienne, 98
Dumouriez, Charles François (1739–1823), Minister for Foreign Affairs, 144; and Lafayette, 145; enters Belgium, 193; deserts to Austrians, 194; and Girondins, 195, 196; and Danton, 195, 196; later life, 310
Duplay, Eleonore, 210
Duplay, Maurice, 209, 267
Dupont de Nemours, Pierre-Samuel, 295, 310
Duport, Adrien, 42, 142, 179, 310
economy, the (see also taxation), farming, 29; poverty, 29–30, 292–3; wages and prices, 34–5; and Necker, 36–7; increasing prospect of bankruptcy, 40; cahiers de doléances, 45; financial chaos follows dismissal of Necker, 64; customs barriers destroyed, 65; unemployment following bad harvest, 91; inflation, 147, 212, 273; and Enragés, 211, 214; paper currency, 291–2
Edgeworth, Henry, 186, 187, 189, 310–11
Egalité, Philippe, see Orléans, Duc d’
Élie, Jacob, 79, 81
Elisabeth, Madame (d. 1794), to Paris with royal family, 104; advises counter-revolutionary measures, 117; flight to Varennes, 120; destroys papers, 128; return journey to Paris, 128–9; Hébert attacks, 140; advocates war, 143; and the King, 149; in prison, 183; executed, 311
émigrés, summoned to return, 138; orders for execution of, 194; amnesty offered to, 280; and royalists, 281, 283, 294; ordered to leave France, 297
England, emigration to, 109; war with France, 193, 298; and royalist restoration, 281, 294; Bonaparte against invasion of, 298; suffers defeats, 300; blockades French in Egypt, 300
Enragés, extremist faction, 186; moderates against, 193–4; insurrectionary activities, 194; and Revolutionary Tribunal, 194; Varlet, 198; and Girondins, 198, 201; and Insurrectionary Committee, 211; encourage taxation populaire, 212; and death of Marat, 214; released from prison, 271
Eprémesnil, Jean Jacques Duval d’, 39, 49, 311
Estaing, Comte d’, 90–91, 311
Estates General, and parlement, 39; and Third Estate, 40–41, 44, 57–9; elections to, 45; convention at Versailles, 46, 49–55; tennis-court oath, 59–60; Electors organize a militia, 64; Robespierre elected to, 208
Évrard, Simone, 213, 214
Fabre d’Églantine, Philippe (1750–94), 231, 236, 243
fédéralisme, 202, 212, 215
fédérés, at Fête de la Fédération, 113–15; King vetoes decree on, 146; sing Marseillaise, 153–4; at storming of Tuileries, 159
Féraud, Jean, 276, 279
Ferriéres-Marsay, Marquis de, 102–3, 113–14, 146, 311
Fersen, Hans Axel, Count von (1755–1810), history, 119–20; flight to Varennes, 120, 121–2; and Brunswick Manifesto, 153; his dog, 183–4; on Queen in Conciergerie, 221; later life and death, 311
Festival of Supreme Being, 251–3, 260
Fête de la Fédération, 112–15
Feuillants, formation of Club, 135, 210; opposed to war, 137, 142; Marat attacks, 140; King replaces Ministers with, 146; applaud Lafayette, 150; shout abuse at King, 155; deprived of franchise, 180
Five Hundred, Council of, legislative power of, 282; purged, 297; wait for revenge, 298; attack Directory, 299; and Lucien Bonaparte, 300, 302, 303; Jourdan’s motion defeated, 300; coup d’état of Brumaire, 302–4
Flesselles, Jacques de, 69, 77, 82
Fleuriot, Jean-Baptiste Lescot-, 264, 267
Fouché, Joseph, Duc d’Otrante (1758–1820), and Terror at Lyons, 227; de-Christianization programme, 230; and Robespierre, 258–9, 260; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; arrested, 281–2; Minister of Police, 299, 302; and coup d’état of Brumaire, 303; later life, 311
Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine-Quentin (1746–95), history and appearance, 240; and trial of Dan ton, 240–41, 242, 243; and execution of Lucille Desmoulins, 245; on increasing number of executions, 246; and Robespierre, 254; loses office, 271; executed, 272, 311
Fournier, Claude, 103
Fourteenth July, Fête de la Fédération, 112–15; 1792 celebrations, 151–3
Fréron, Louis-Marie (1754–1802), urges attack on prisoners, 169; executions in Toulon, 227; calls on Robespierre, 258; and Lescot-Fleuriot, 264; advice to Convention, 265; becomes reactionary, 271; and Bonaparte, 285; and journées of Vendémiaire, 286; later life and death, 312
générale, 279, 284
Girard, Elizabeth, 103
Girondins, prominent men amongst, 136–7; and émigrés, 138; and non-juring priests, 138; and Marat, 142, 196; condemn dismissal of Narbonne, 144; accuse Jacobins, 146; red cap emblem, 149–50; hope to avert bloodshed, 156; and Danton, 168, 195–6, 234; and National Convention, 180; alienate Parisians, 181; hope to spare King’s life, 181, 184, 185; with Montagnards against sans-culottes and Enragés, 193–4; tarnished reputation, 195; and corn prices, 198; overthrow of, 198–201; and Robespierre, 210; Charlotte Corday, 212; and fédéralisme, 212; and Hébert, 215; leaders tried and executed, 222–3; and Chaumette, 230; recalled to Convention, 272; commemmorated, 280; La Revellière, 291