Louis-Charles, Duke of Normandy, Dauphin from 1789, later King Louis XVII (1785–95), birth of, 23; and Louis XVI, 102, 182, 186; and Marie Antoinette, 103–4, 118; on Tuileries, 105; at Fête de la Fédération, 114; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; return journey to Paris, 129; kicks up leaves, 157; soldier carries, 158; imprisoned, 182, 183; taken from his mother, 221; death of, 280
Louis Joseph Xavier, Dauphin (1781–9), 23, 54
Louis Philippe, see Chartres, Duc de
Louvet de Couvrai, Jean Baptiste (1760–97), 197, 228, 314
Lyons, depression, 34; outbreaks of fighting, 194; civil war, 202–3, 215; execution by cannon fire, 227; prisoners massacred, 272; royalist stronghold, 273
Maillard, Marie Julien Stanislas, 81, 97, 100, 172, 314
Malesherbes, Chrétien Lamoignon de (1721–94), 184
Mallet du Pan, Jacques, 41, 292, 314
Manège, Assembly established at, 104, 109; mob marches on, 148; royal family in, 158, 161; Convention transferred from, 197
Manuel, Louis-Pierre (1751–93), 150, 151, 157, 314
Marat, Albertine, 213, 314
Marat, Jean-Paul (1743–93), targets for his literary attacks, 140; appearance and personality, 140–41, 142; history, 141–2; urges violence, 146; urges attack on prisoners, 169; and septembriseurs, 176, 178; Girondins arraign, 196; Dr Moore on, 196–7; acquitted, 197; extreme popularity, 197–8; rings tocsin, 199; and overthrow of Girondins, 201; Charlotte Corday murders, 212–13; David’s ‘Marat Assassinated’, 214, 216; and Custine, 215; busts of, 231, 232
Maria-Theresa, Empress of Austria (1717–80), 20
Marie Antoinette, Queen (1755–93), appearance, 20, 21, 51, 103, 221; personality, 20, 25, 26–7, 150; wedding, 20–21; and her husband, 21–2, 25, 98, 100, 118, 128, 149, 184, 185, 186; scurrilous rumours about, 22; birth of her children, 23; domestic routine, 24, 25; attitude to Court protocol, 25–6; Turgot annoys, 35; and Calonne, 38–9; and Necker, 44; at convention of Estates General, 50, 51, 52; and Third Estate, 59; applauded, 87; urges withdrawal of Court to Metz, 89; and market-women’s bread riot, 99, 100; escapes to King’s apartments, 101–2; shows herself to mob, 103, 104; leaves Versailles, 104–5; and Mirabeau, 111; at Fête de la Fédération, 114; becomes less unpopular, 117; mob at Tuileries, 118; aid from foreign powers, 119; and Fersen, 120; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; and Assembly’s decree, 127; return journey to Paris, 128, 129; journalists attack, 140; and Revolutionary wars, 145; and invasion of Tuileries, 149; and Lafayette, 151; and 14 July celebrations, 152; Roederer advises, 157; fears for Dauphin’s safety, 158; life in prison, 182, 183; trial authorized, 215; Dauphin taken from, 221; trial and execution, 221–2
Marie Thérèse, see Royale, Madame
Marseillaise, 153–4
Marseilles, 91, 153, 194, 202, 272
Martin, Jeanne, 97, 103
Maurepas, Jean Frédéric, Comte de (1701–81), 27, 28, 29, 37
Maury, Jean Siffrein, Abbé, 49, 53, 314
Menou, Jacques-François, 284
Mercier, Sébastien, 185, 233
Mercy-Argentau, Florimonde Claude, Comte de (1727–94), 22, 25, 314
Merda, Charles-André, 263–4, 265, 314
merveilleuses, 274
Mirabeau, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Comte de (1749–91), and Estates General debate, 55, 57–8; family background, 55; history, personality and appearance, 55–7; rallies National Assembly, 62; on first stage of Revolution, 63; warns of preparations for war, 63–4; on greeting the King, 87; presses for recall of Necker, 88; and renunciation of feudal privileges, 94; and market-women’s bread riot, 98, 99; concerned to contain Revolution, 110; and King, 110, 111; concerned about probable army mutiny, 116; on disintegration of monarchy, 133; and Danton, 167; on Robespierre, 208
Mirabeau, Jean Antoine (d. 1737), 55
Mirabeau, Victor, Marquis de, 55
Monaco, Princesse de, 246
monarchy, cahier de doléances, 45; Mirabeau on, 133; doomed, 133; abolition of, 180; oath of hatred of, 298
Monnier, Marie-Thérèse de, 56
Montagnards, and Girondins, 181, 193, 201; attitude to King, 181–2, 184; against sans-culottes and Enragés, 193–4; Danton joins, 196; and Marat, 197, 214; and Lanjuinais, 199; and rightward flow of Revolution, 271; become reactionary, 271; and Convention, 274; and sans-culottes bread riots, 276, 277; closely watched after riots, 279; deputies executed, 280; Government campaign against, 281; influence destroyed, 288; Reubell, 291
Montmorin, Comte de (1745–92), 176
Moore, John (1729–1802), 196–7
Morice, Philippe, 177
Morris, Gouverneur, 50, 51, 52, 66, 93
Mounier, Jean Joseph (1758–1806), and National Assembly, 59–60, 109, 112; and market-women’s bread riot, 98, 99; advises King to flee, 100; later life, 315
Murat, Joachim, 286, 304, 315
Napoleon I, see Bonaparte, Napoleon
Narbonne, Archbishop of, 38, 315
Narbonne-Lara, Comte de, 143–4
National Assembly, name coined, 59; tennis-court oath, 59–60; and Louis XVI, 62–3, 87; and new constitution, 63; protests against troop movements, 64; granted fresh powers, 91; its authority in provincial towns, 92; problem of restoring order, 93; and feudal system, 94–5; adopts Declaration of Rights, 95; debates transferred to Paris, 104; reform, 109–10; radical nature of, 110; and Mirabeau, 110; policies towards Church, 111–12, 138; attitude to Revolution, 117; confirms Lafayette’s order, 126; Marat attacks, 140; effect of dismissal of Narbonne on, 144; Robespierre speaks in, 208; and march of 12 Germinal, 274
National Convention, to be summoned, 161–2; composition of, 180; abolition of monarchy, 180; Year I of Republic 180–81; discord in, 181; unsympathetic to King, 184; revolutionary decrees, 193; declares war on European powers, 193; emergency decrees, 194–5; Marat shunned in, 197; Marat carried in triumph to, 197–8; and overthrow of Girondins, 198, 199; and Danton, 214, 238, 239; Carnot, 215; demonstrators invade, 216; meets Hébertists’ demands, 217; and Committee of Public Safety, 225; replacement of Gregorian calendar, 231; and Committee of Clemency, 235; and Robespierre, 251, 257, 259–61, 262–3; Festival of Supreme Being, 252; moderates condemn Terror, 257, 259; Lindet’s liberal proposals to, 271; Girondins recalled to, 272; and bread rioters, 275–7, 279; journée of 1 Prairial, 278; new Constitution, 282; and Two-Thirds Law, 283; and danger from royalists, 283–4; and journées of Vendémiaire, 284–8
National Guard, formation of, 64; at Versailles, 100, 102; and royal family, 104, 130; Fête de la Fédération, 112, 114; at attempted demolition of Vincennes, 133–4; and massacre of Champ de Mars, 135; firearms privilege, 147; sans-culottes, 153; and Brunswick Manifesto, 153; and storming of Tuileries, 155, 156; Guardsman addresses King, 158; Danton, 167; and King’s execution, 186, 187; Hanriot commands, 198; and overthrow of Girondins, 199, 201; Robespierre controls, 254; and arrest of Robespierrists, 263; accompany bread rioters, 275; reconstitution of, 280