Necker, Jacques (1732–1804), 38, 84; Director-General of Finance, 35–7, 40; appearance and personality, 36; and problem of Third Estate, 44; popularity, 51; and Estates General, 52, 54; dismissed, 64; public feeling about, 65; and Louis XVI, 87, 88, 98, 100; public demand for recall of, 89; medal bearing head of, 91; later life, 315
Necker, Suzanne, 35–6, 315
Noailles, Comtesse de, later Duchesse de, 26, 246–7
Noailles, Louis, Vicomte de, 42, 94
nobility, privileges of, 31–2; noblesse d’épée and noblesse de robe, 32–3; economics, 33; and Estates General, 40, 45; and Church hierarchy, 43; and Third Estate, 54; and National Assembly, 62; renounce feudal privileges, 93–4; and Legislative Assembly, 136; receive compensation, 137; émigrés landlords, 138; go into hiding, 162; purge of army officers demanded, 215; brought to trial, 246; percentage of victims of guillotine, 248
Orléans, Louis Philippe, ‘Egalité’, Duc d’ (1747–93), 62; and Calonne, 38; elected to Estates General, 45; personality, 50; popularity, 51; joins National Assembly, 62; public feeling about, 65; his agents provocateurs, 97–8; talks to mob at Versailles, 102; member of National Convention, 180; execution, 223
Palais Royale, 66, 78, 92, 154
Paris, Brienne burned in effigy in, 40; troops in, 63, 64; inflammatory situation in, 64–5, 69–70; National Assembly established in Manège, 109; Fête de la Fédération, 112–15; light-hearted atmosphere, 116; anti-clericalism, 117–18; discovery of flight of royal family from, 123–4; royal family returns to, 130; violent demonstrations, 145; divisions between political parties, 146; inflation, 147; sections, 147, 154, 168, 212, 217, 272, 284; citizens’ demonstration, 148; Assembly losing control of, 154; changed atmosphere, 162; measures against counter-revolutionaries, 168–9; prison massacres, 170–79; mood of electorate, 180; revolutionary atmosphere, 180; Isnard warns of annihilation of, 198; control of, 201; terrorism, 202; taxation populaire, 212; crowds watch guillotining, 229; de-Christianization policy, 230–32; growing confusion of political scene, 234; centralization of revolutionary justice, 246; fear in, 255; daily life, 256; riots, 283; journées of Vendémiaire, 284–8; pleasures, luxury, fashion, 292; coup d’état of 18 Fructidor, 297; Napoleon’s hero’s welcome, 300
parlements, and Louis XVI, 27, 28, 39, 40; influence and jurisdiction, 27; and Crown, 28; and Turgot, 35; and land tax, 37–8, 39; and Calonne, 39; and Estates General, 40; declared in abeyance, 109; Queen’s trial, 221
Paroy, Marquis de, 99, 103–4
‘passive’ citizens, 147, 153, 154
Pétion de Villeneuve, Jérôme (1756–94), and return journey of royal family to Paris, 128–9; Mayor of Paris, 135, 151; and invasion of Tuileries, 150; and dethronement of King, 154; kept prisoner, 154; and septembriseurs, 176–7; death, 315
philosophes, 28, 31, 42, 205
Pichegru, Charles, 281, 297, 315
Pierre, Jacques, 42
Pillnitz, Declaration of, 143
Polignac, Gabrielle de Polastron, Duchesse de (1749–93), 22, 315
Pompadour, Jeanne Annette Poisson, Marquise de (1721–64), 19, 27, 71
Pont de Sommeville, 122–3
Pope Pius VI, III, 115, 117
Provence, 40, 50, 272
Provence, Stanislas Xavier, Comte de, ‘Monsieur’, later King Louis XVIII (1755–1824), 162; personality, 25; and Necker, 36, 37, 44; and Calonne, 38; Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, 89; leaves with royal family for Paris, 104; mob demands to see, 119; advocates war, 143; proclaims himself King, 281; later life, 315
Prussia, 143, 145, 179, 202
Reubell, Jean-François, 291, 294–5, 297, 316
Revolutionary Tribunal, creation of, 194, 195; and Marat, 196, 197; condemns Orléans, 223; huissiers, 229; Danton regrets, 239; Fouquier-Tinville, 240, 271; dispenses with defence lawyers and witnesses, 245–6; Robespierre controls, 254; powers reduced, 271
Rivarol, Antoine de, 133, 316
Robespierre, Augustin, 263, 266, 267, 268, 285
Robespierre, Charlotte, 206, 207–8, 210
Robespierre, François, 203–4
Robespierre, Maximilien Marie (1758–94), appearance, 203, 209, 251, 259, 267; personality, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210; background, 203; early history, 203, 204–6; writer, 206–7; simplicity of his life, 207–8, 209; orator, 208–9, 211; lodges with Duplays, 209–10; and Jacobin Club, 210, 261; avoids scenes of trouble, 210; on execution of King, 211; and death of Marat, 214; and Danton, 214, 234, 235, 236–7, 241, 244, 248; and Custine, 215; on Committee of Public Safety, 216; attitude to dissidents, 225; condemns de-Christianization policy, 233; and Hébertists, 235; Desmoulins infuriates, 236; at the theatre, 237; defends arrest of Danton, 239; Lucille Desmoulins’s mother appeals to, 245; does not witness guillotinings, 248; his life in danger, 248; attacks atheism, 251; and Festival of Supreme Being, 251–4; feared and disliked, 254; difficulties with colleagues, 256–9; plans laid for his overthrow, 259; last speech in Convention, 259–60; deputies attack, 260–61; Jacobin Club supports, 261; last appearance in Convention, 262–3; arrested, 263; confident of his future, 264; Merda claims to shoot, 265; an appeal to arms, 266; his wound, 266–7; execution, 267–8
Rochambeau, Jean-Baptiste de Vimeur, Comte de (1725–1807), 119, 145, 316
Roederer, Pierre Louis, Comte de (1754–1835), 156–8, 316
Roland, Jean-Marie (1734–93), personality, 139; joins Jacobins, 140; Minister of Interior, 144; and Louis XVI, 146; and sans-culottes, 147; and September Massacres, 177; and Danton, 181; his papers seized, 195; and his wife, 223–4; suicide, 316
Roland, Manon Jeanne (1754–93), appearance and personality, 139–40; and Girondins, 140; her salon, 144; on Dumouriez, 144; and her husband, 146; and Danton, 167, 178, 181, 237; attitude to Revolution, 178; on ‘freedom’ in Paris, 185; literary influences on, 212; trial and execution, 223–4; on Terror, 229; ‘sick of blood’, 229
Romeuf, Jean Louis, 126–7
Romilly, Sir Samuel (1757–1818), 57
Roux, Jacques, and King’s execution, 186, 187; plans series of journées, 194; castigates Government, 211–12; discredited, 212; death of, 316
Royale, Madame (Marie Thérèse, eldest daughter of Louis XVI), birth of, 23; appears with Queen on balcony, 103; flight to Varennes, 120, 121, 122; imprisoned, 182, 183; on her father’s last hours, 185–6; on parting between Queen and Dauphin, 221; later life, 314
royalists, insurrection in provinces, 153; hope for restoration, 280; Louis XVIII, 281; uprisings, 281, 283, 284; after journée of Vendémiaire, 288; Directory attitude to, 291, 294; feeling against restoration, 294; and Augerau, 297
Sacleux, Marie-Catherine-Victoire, 97
Saint-Étienne, Rabaut, 184
Saint-Honorine, Piquod de, 77
Saint-Just, Louis de (1767–94), 254, 264; demands King’s execution, 182, 184; violent views expressed by, 225, 268; and Danton, 236, 238, 239, 241; fabricates evidence, 242; and Robespierre, 257; compromises, 259; and Collot d’Herbois, 261–2; speaks in National Convention, 262; arrested, 263; prisoner, 266; and Rights of Man, 267; execution, 267, 268
Saint-Méard, Journiac de, 171–3