The nuclear orientation family
Brother: the male child of one of the parents.
Sister: the daughter of one of the female parents.
Father: male parent.
Grandfather: the father of one of the parents.
Mother: a female parent.
Grandmother: the mother of one of the parents.
Nuclear married family
Husband: a male spouse.
Wife: a female spouse.
Son: the male child of one of the parents.
Grandson: the son of a minor.
Daughter: The female daughter of one of the parents(s).
Granddaughter: the child's daughter.
The nuclear nonlinear family
Spouse: husband or wife
Stepfather: The spouse of a parent who is not a biological parent
Sibling: sister or brother
Half-brother: A brother or sister with whom the subject has only one biological parent
Stepbrother: The child of a parent who is not the biological parent
A brother or sister is a side relative with minimal removal. For collateral relatives with one additional deletion, one generation more distant from the common ancestor on the maternal or paternal side, more classification terms come into play. These terms (aunt, uncle, niece and nephew) are not based on the terms used in the nuclear family, since most of them are not traditionally members of the household. In these terms, there is traditionally no distinction between collateral relatives and a person married to a collateral relative (both collateral and cumulative). Side relatives with additional moves on each side are cousins. This is the most general term, and it can be distinguished by degrees of security and by generation (deletion).
When only this topic has to be further deleted, everything in the world regarding the subject of parents, siblings, the terms aunt and uncle are used for female and male relatives, respectively. When only the relative has an additional deletion, the relative subjects of the child's siblings, the terms niece and nephew apply to female and male relatives, respectively. The spouse of a biological aunt or uncle is an aunt or uncle, and the nieces and nieces of a spouse are nieces and nieces.
When a subject and a relative undergo additional removal, they become cousins. A cousin with minimal deletion is a cousin, that is, the child of the subject's uncle or aunt. The degrees of security and relocation are used to more accurately describe the relationship between cousins. Degree is the number of generations following a common ancestor before the parent of one of the cousins is found, while deletion is the difference between the number of generations from each cousin to the common ancestor (the difference between the generations from which the cousins originate).
Cousins of the older generation (in other words, cousins of the parents), although technically cousins after removal, are often classified as "aunts" and "uncles".
English speakers celebrate marital relations (with the exception of the wife/husband) with the "-in-law" tag. The mother and father of someone's spouse become someone's mother-in-law and father-in-law; the wife of someone's son becomes someone's daughter-in-law, and the husband of someone's daughter becomes someone's son-in-law. The term "sister-in-law" refers to two significantly different relationships: either the brother's wife or the spouse's sister. A "brother—in-law" is the husband of someone's sister or the brother of someone's spouse. The terms "stepbrother" and "stepsister" refer to siblings who have only one biological parent. The term "aunt in law" refers to the aunt of a spouse. An "uncle in law" is the uncle of a spouse. A "cousin" is the spouse of someone's cousin or the cousin of someone's spouse. The term "niece" refers to the wife of someone's nephew. A "nephew—in-law" is the husband of someone's niece. The grandparents of someone's spouse become someone's grandparents in law; the wife of someone's grandson becomes someone's granddaughter in law, and the husband of someone's granddaughter becomes someone's grandson in law. With the further removal of the subject for aunts and uncles and a relative for nieces and nephews, the prefix "grand-" changes these conditions. Upon further deletion, the prefix becomes "great-great-", adding another "great-great-" for each subsequent generation. For a large number of generations, the number can be replaced, for example, "fourth great-grandson", "four times great grandson" or "four times great-grandson". In Indian English, a relative by law who is the spouse of your brother or sister may be called a co-brother (in particular, a co-sister or co-brother).
Within the framework of a group family, cohabitation in pairs took place for one period or another, which gradually led to the formation of a more or less stable paired family. However, this family, which united one married couple, was not an economic unit of society. In the era of the primitive tribal community (Late Paleolithic and Neolithic), the level of development of production, the technical armament of man in his struggle with nature were still too low for a paired family to farm independently. The economic unit of society remained the clan or, later, its large subdivision – the maternal extended family, which covered 4-5 generations of female relatives (men and women with offspring) and was headed by an older woman. The ethnographic data of the 19th and 20th centuries speak about the economic independence of a paired family within such a collective. about the archaic tribes of America, Melanesia, and Southeast Asia.
Initially, the couple did not even settle together, continuing to live in their ancestral groups (a dislocated settlement) and meeting occasionally. Later, with the flourishing of the maternal family and the transition to matrilocal marriage, the husband moved to live in the wife's family, but the spouses' personal property remained separate, and often for damage caused to the wife's property, the husband's family had to settle with her family. Under these conditions, the union of spouses in a paired family was very fragile and easily dissolved; the children belonged only to the mother and her family. The remnants of a group family were widely and firmly preserved: sorority, cohabitation of a woman with her husband's brothers and, in fact, polyandry (polyandry).
A classic example of a paired family (according to L. G. Morgan) is the Iroquois family in the 17th century. The paired family occupied a separate room in the huge communal house of the maternal family – Ovachira. She did not run a separate household; she did not have her own allotment in the land of her mother's large family, supplies were stored in a common pantry, food was cooked in several common boilers. The women in this house were the owners, the children belonged to their family, the men were considered guests. The Melanesians had similar orders; The surviving maternal extended family has been preserved for a long time in Indonesia (for example, in Minangkabau), in India (among the Nayars), in Africa (among the Ashanti).
At the beginning of the Bronze Age, increased productive forces created certain conditions for the economic life of collectives numerically smaller than the tribal community. The emergence of the first social division of labor, the formation of separate family ownership, the increase in the economic role of men led to the disintegration of the maternal family and its transformation into a paternal one, the formation of a patriarchal large family. Such a family represented a transitional form from a paired and large matriarchal family of a developed tribal system to a monogamous family of a class society.
The transition to the patriarchal family was marked by the approval of the paternal account of kinship, patrilocal marriage and monogamy, the firm union of spouses with each other and with their offspring, the establishment of the husband's power over children and wife, for which a special ransom was now paid (Veno – among the Slavs, Kalym – among the Turkic peoples, Lobola – among the peoples of Ventoux in Africa). Polygamy (polygyny) arose as a side form, which was the privilege of rich men. However, a separate married couple was still not an economic unit of society, such was a large patriarchal family consisting of 3-4 generations of close relatives with their wives, children, and married sons. This often included patriarchal slaves. The patriarchal family was based on collective ownership of the means of production, collective labor and consumption; in the personal property of family members there were only items of individual use – clothing, weapons, etc. Depending on the specific historical conditions, the internal organization of the big S. it could be more or less democratic, but the general trend of its development was to strengthen the role of the head of the family (usually grandfather, father, older brother).