Ought to can be used instead of should, but it is less common:
Anne
ought to be
at home by now.
Past
Will, should and ought to + perfect infinitive are used to express assumptions about past events:
Some of you
will have met
me before.
The plane
should have landed
by now.
Related topics:
Future simple for predictions
Modals to express criticism: CAN, COULD, MIGHT, SHOULD
Present and future
Can, could, might and should/shouldn't + infinitive are used to express criticism or disapproval with reference to present or future time:
You
can be
really annoying, you know!
You
shouldn't be sitting
here just doing nothing!
You
might be
more polite.
George
could
really
help
you!
Past
Could, might and should/shouldn't + perfect infinitive are used to express criticism or disapproval with reference to past time:
I
should have booked
a table in advance.
Of course, you feel sick. You
shouldn't have eaten
so much chocolate.
You
might have told
me you weren't coming!
George
could
really
have helped
you!
Quotes:
No city should be too large for a man to walk out of in a morning. - Cyril Connolly
The semi-modal DARE
Dare means "have the courage to do something" and can behave either as a modal verb or as a main verb:
As a modal verb, dare is used in negative and interrogative sentences; it is followed by a bare infinitive: I daren't think how many victims there are.
How dare she criticise us?
Dare as a main verb can be followed by a bare infinitive or a to-infinitive: Do you dare (to) tell him what happened to his bike?
Who dares (to) argue with me?
He didn't dare (to) look back.
No one would have dared (to) think about it.
But in the expression Don't you dare..., it is always followed by a bare infinitive:Don't you dare interrupt me!
Related topics:
The semi-modal NEED
Modals to express deduction: MUST, CAN'T, COULDN'T
Present
Must, can't and couldn't + infinitive are used to express deductions about present events:
That child is really talented. His parents
must be
proud of him.
It's only 10 o'clock. He
can't/couldn't be
at home.
Past
Must, can't and couldn't + perfect infinitive are used to express deductions about past events:
That dress looks expensive. It
must have cost
a fortune.
It
can't/couldn't have been
Carla you saw this morning. She is away on holiday.
Related topics:
Modals to express possibility: MAY, MIGHT, CAN, COULD
Modals to express habits: WILL, WOULD, USED TO
Present
Would can express annoying habits which are typical of a person:
Tom
would do
something like that,
wouldn't
he? It's so typical of him!
Will is used to emphasise the characteristics of a person rather than describing the person himself or herself:
A friend
will
always
help
you.
(this is one of the characteristics of a friend)
Past
USED TO
Used to refers to past habits and states which were true in the past but are not true any more. It can be used with both action verbs and state verbs:
On Sundays, my parents
used to take
me to dance school.
(habit, action verb)
I
used to hate
dancing in those days.
(state, state verb)
The negative and interrogative forms of used to are:
I
didn't use to like
dancing in those days.
Why did you use to hate
dancing?
Used to + infinitive should not be confused with be/get used to + gerund (verb-ing):
She
used to live
alone in a small apartment.
(it was true in the past, but not any more)
She
was used to living
alone in a small apartment.
(she was accustomed to it)