85. Roger Eatwell, Fascism: A History (New York: Penguin, 1995), pp. 13–14.
86. Associated Press, “Help from America to Bavarian Fascisti,” NYT, December 11, 1922; “Berlin Hears Ford Is Backing Hitler,” NYT, December 20, 1922.
87. “Germany Checks Effort to Form ‘Klan’ There,” NYT, September 10, 1925.
88. Ernst (“Putzi”) Hanfstaengl, Hitler: The Missing Years (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1957); Carlos Widmann, “Play It Again, Putzi,” Der Spiegel 10/8, March 1999, p. 60. Some of his papers are housed at the University of Maryland Archives.
89. John Toland, Adolf Hitler, vol. 1 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1976), p. 195; Ian Kershaw, Hitler: 1889–1936 Hubris (New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), pp. 217–18.
90. Philipp Gassert and Daniel S. Mattern, The Hitler Library: A Bibliography (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001). Madison Grant, Die Eroberung eines Kontinents order die Verbreitung der Rassen in Amerika, trans. Else Mez (Berlin: Alfred Metzner, 1937). With a foreword by Nazi race scientist Eugen Fischer, the book was published in the United States as Conquest of a Continent.
91. Unpublished autobiography of Leon F. Whitney, 1971, Whitney Papers, American Philosophical Society, pp. 204–5.
92. “Hitler Tamed by Prison,” NYT, December 21, 1924.
93. Ernst Hanfstaengl, “My Leader,” Colliers, August 4, 1934.
94. Hanfstaengl, Hitler: The Missing Years, pp. 113–18. See also Neil Baldwin, Henry Ford and the Jews: The Mass Production of Hate (New York: Public Affairs, 2002), p. 172.
95. Hanfstaengl describes this Hitler mannerism in Walter C. Langer, The Mind of Adolf Hitler: The Secret Wartime Report (New York: Signet, 1972), p. 44.
96. Lucy S. Dawidowicz, The War Against the Jews, 1933–1945 (New York: Bantam Books, 1975), p. 3.
97. Toland, Adolf Hitler, vol. 2, p. 802.
98. Edwin Black, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a Master Race (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003), p. 275.
5. “LIKE WATERING FLOWERS”
1. “The New Lethal Gas House at the Nevada State Penitentiary, and the Method in Use for the Administration of the Gas to Capital Offenders,” unpublished description sent by Nevada Warden M. R. Penrose to I. W. Winsmore, January 17, 1935, Board of Charities and Reform, Penitentiary, Gas Chamber file, Wyoming State Archives, Rawlins.
2. Peter Hayes, From Cooperation to Complicity: Degussa in the Third Reich (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), pp. 6–7.
3. U.S. Patent 1,502,190.
4. Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Co., Zyklon B for the Control of Insects and Rodents Causing Great Economic Losses (New York: Roessler & Hasslacher, July 1929).
5. Neil Spencer Marinovich, “American Industry and Finance, and German Rearmament: A Case Study of Standard Oil, Dupont, and General Motors and Their Relations with Interessengemeinschaft-Farbenindustrie Aktiengesellschaft,” M.A. thesis, Eastern Michigan University, 1995, p. 14 n105. U.S. Patent 2,120,204 describes the American Cyanamid Zyklon discoids.
6. An American pesticide trade publication from 1928 noted the following:“The dangers of the use of hydrocyanic acid are increased by the fact that some people are unable to smell its peculiar almond odour and hence have no warning of its presence. In Germany, where hydrocyanic acid is often employed as a house fumigant, this difficulty has been overcome by the addition to the gas of an irritant component which will facilitate its detection. For this purpose, a trade preparation Zyklon (Cyclon) was introduced consisting of 90 parts of ‘cyancarbonic ester’ (probably methyl cyanoformate, CN.COOCH2) and 10 parts of ‘chlor-carbonic ester.’ It was claimed that this material, was an efficient substitute for hydrocyanic acid. More recently, this material has been replaced by ‘Zyklon B,’ which consists of a ‘carrier’ of kieselguhr impregnated with liquid hydrocyanic acid and a volatile irritant. Herzog has shown that kieselguhr is able to absorb half its weight of liquid hydrocyanic acid. The product is stored in airtight tins and, on being strewn on the ground, the hydrocyanic acid is slowly evolved. According to Staehelin, the irritant poison present increases the respiratory activity of the insect and enhances the toxic effects of the hydrocyanic acid.” Hubert Martin, The Scientific Principles of Plant Protection (New York: Longmans Green & Co., 1928), p. 179.
7. For a startling account of the delousing of Mexican immigrants, see David Dorado Romo, Ringside Seat to a Revolution: An Underground History of El Paso and Juarez: 1893–1923 (El Paso, TX: Cinco Puntos Press, 2005).
8. Oliver McKee Jr., “He Watches over the Nation’s Health,” NYT, June 10, 1928; quoted in Alexander Cockburn, “Zyklon B on the U.S. Border,” The Nation, July 9, 2007.
9. See, e.g., Dr. Gerhard Peters, “Blausäure zur Schädlingsbekämpfung” (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1933), p. 64. The title means “Hydrocyanic Acid for Pest Control.”
10. J. R. Ridlon, “Experiments with Certain Fumigants Used for the Destruction of Cockroaches,” USPHR 46(28) (July 10, 1931): 1572–78. This was one of many such reports the agency issued in 1931.
11. C. L. Williams, “The Air Jet Hydrocyanic Acid Sprayer,” USPHR 46(30) (July 24, 1931).
12. C. L. Williams, “Report on Some Tests of the Use of a New Cyanogen Product in Ship Fumigation,” USPHR 46(35) (August 28, 1931).
13. F. Flury, “Über Kampfgasvergiftungen I. Über Reizgase,” Z. Gesamte Experimentelle Medizin 13 (1921): 1–15; F. Haber, “Zur Geschichte des Gaskrieges,” in Fuenf Vortraege aus den Jahren, 1920–1923 (Berlin: Julius Springer, 1924), pp. 76–92, as described in Hanspeter Witschi, “Some Notes on the History of Haber’s Law,” Toxicological Sciences 50 (1999): 164–68.
14. American Cyanamid, Research in the Development of Cyanogas Calcium Cyanide (n.p.: American Cyanamid Co., 1926).
15. “World Dye Trust Laid to 8 Big Firms,” NYT, May 15, 1942.
16. See Gerard Colby, DuPont Dynasty: Behind the Nylon Curtain (Secaucus, NJ: Lyle Stuart, 1984); Charles Higham, Trading with the Enemy: An Exposé of the Nazi-American Money Plot 1933–1949. The plot was confirmed by the Dickstein-McCormack Committee, which held hearings on the subject. See House of Representatives, Special Committee on Un-American Activities, “Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities and Investigation of Certain Other Propaganda Activities,” 73rd Cong., 2nd Sess., November 24, 1934.
17. http://heritage.dupont.com/floater/fl_randh/floater.shtml (accessed March 17, 2007).
18. Roessler & Hasslacher Chemical Company, Fumigation of Flour Mills by Hydrocyanic Acid Gas Generated from “Cyanegg,” Cyanide of Sodium 96–98% (New York: Roessler & Hasslacher, 1929).
19. http://heritage.dupont.com/floater/fl_randh/floater.shtml (accessed March 17, 2007); Alan Lougheed, “The Anatomy of an International Cartel, 1897–1927,” Prometheus 19(1) (2001): 6–7.
20. Robert Hauptman and Susan Hubbs Motin, The Holocaust: Memories, Research, Reference (Binghamton: Haworth Press, 1998), pp. 105–6.