65. David Margolick, “Save Me, Joe Louis!”
66. RNO, January 25, 1936.
67. RNO, January 27, 1936.
68. Seitz, “Transition of Methods,” p. 130.
69. Associated Press, “Slayer Executed by Gas,” NYT, February 1, 1936; RNO, February 1, 1936.
70. Associated Press, “Two Die in Gas Chamber,” NYT, February 8, 1936.
71. RNO, February 1, 1936; Judge M. H. Patel, unpublished opinion, No. C-92–1482, Fierro v. Gomez, 77 F.3d 301 (9th Cir. 1996).
72. RNO, February 1, 1936.
73. RNO, February 13, 1936.
74. Associated Press, “Executed in Lethal Chamber,” NYT, March 28, 1936.
75. Associated Press, “Two Die in Gas Chamber,” NYT, August 22, 1936.
76. Associated Press, “Slayer of Co-Ed Dies in Lethal Gas Room,” NYT, December 12, 1936.
77. Guy B. Johnson, “The Negro and Crime,” The Annals 217 (September 1941): 93–104; H. Garfinkel, “Inter- and Intra-Racial Homicides,” Social Forces 27 (1949): 370–81.
78. The Winston-Salem Journal of December 8–12, 2002, produced a prize-winning series, “Lifting the Curtain on a Shameful Era,” about North Carolina’s eugenic sterilization program.
79. RNO, February 19, 1938.
80. Quoted in the Salisbury Herald, July 4, 1938.
81. Letter dated October 14, 1938, from Robert L. Thompson, Private Secretary to the Governor, Letters and Papers of Clyde Roarke Hoey, 1937–41, Messages to the General Assembly, p. 49, cited in Seitz, “The Transition of Methods,” pp. 193–94.
82. Arridy v. People, 82 P.2d 757 (Colo. 1938); People ex rel. Best v. Eldred, 86 P.2d 248 (Colo. 1938).
83. Associated Press, “Witness Dies after Execution,” NYT, August 15, 1937.
84. Quoted in Robert Perske, Deadly Innocent? (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1995), pp. 126–7.
85. Associated Press, “Cardiogram Shows Death,” NYT, October 1, 1939.
86. “Asphyxiation Preferable,” RR, January 24, 1935.
87. “Gas Execution Fight Rages,” LAT, January 3, 1937.
88. “Wyoming Prison Gets New ‘Tank’ for Executions,” Evening Independent, November 11, 1936.
89. United Press, “First Gas Execution in Wyoming Prison,” JCPT, August 13, 1937; “Perry Carroll Executed at 12:16 A.M. Today,” RRB, August 13, 1937.
90. Wyoming Eagle, April 19, 1940.
91. Colorado had abolished the death penalty from 1897 to 1901, Oregon from 1914 to 1920, Arizona from 1916 to 1918, and Missouri from 1917 to 1919.
92. “Senate Measure Stops Hangings, Substitutes Gas in State Prison,” JCPT, April 15, 1937.
93. “Missouri Uses Gas Chamber,” (Monessen, PA) Daily Independent, September 17, 1937.
94. “Wardens See Gas Death in Carson City, Disagree on California Adoption,” SFC, November 30, 1932.
95. “Lethal Gas Chamber for Book Worms,” NYT, January 1, 1933.
96. “Churchmen Launch Fight on Lynching,” NYT, December 4, 1933.
97. “Nazi Units in United States List 1,000 Aliens; Admit Their Aim Is to Spread Propaganda,” NYT, March 23, 1933.
98. “6,000 Watch As Mob Hang Slayers of Brooke Hart,” NYT, November 27, 1933; “Governor Rolph Backs San Jose Lynching as Kidnap Warning,” NYT, November 28, 1933.
99. Alfred M. Beck, Hitler’s Ambivalent Attaché: Lt. Gen. Friedrich von Boetticher in America, 1933–1941 (Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2005).
100. “Lethal Gas Takes Place of Gibbet as Death Penalty,” SFC, May 8, 1937.
101. United Press, Mansfield (OH) News Journal, April 14, 1938.
102. Joan Smith, “The Return of the Big Green Death Machine,” San Francisco Examiner Image Magazine, January 8, 1989.
103. Clinton T. Duffy Collection, Marin County Museum, San Rafael, California, quoted in Alan Bisbort, “When You Read This, They Will Have Killed Me”: The Life and Redemption of Caryl Chessman, Whose Execution Shook America (New York: Carroll & Graf, 2006), p. 327.
104. “Denver Firm Makes Lethal Gas Chambers,” DP, February 27, 1938.
105. “Pro or Con: Execution by Lethal Gas?” Reader’s Digest, December 1937, pp. 56–58.
106. “Killers Executed in Gas Chamber,” SFC, December 3, 1938; “Spectators Sickened as Two Die in Death Cell,” LAT, December 3, 1938.
107. SFE, December 3, 1938, quoted in Bisbort, “When You Read This,” p. 328.
108. Chrisanne Beckner, “Darkness on the Edge of Campus: University’s Philanthropic ‘Godfather’ Was Mad about Eugenics,” Sacramento News & Review, February 19, 2004.
109. Tony Platt, “The Frightening Agenda of the American Eugenics Movement,” History News Network, July 7, 2003, http://hnn.us (accessed September 4, 2009).
110. Alexandra Minna Stern, Eugenic Nation: Faults & Frontiers of Better Breeding in Modern America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), p. 118.
111. United Press, “Gas Chamber Is Installed,” Valley Sunday Star-Monitor-Herald, August 22, 1937.
112. See Gary Murrell, Iron Pants: Oregon’s Anti-New Deal Governor, Charles Henry Martin (Pullman: Washington State University Press, 2000).
113. “Two Slayers Die in Gas Chamber,” OSE, January 15, 1945.
114. Associated Press, “Adam Richetti Executed, Last of Floyd Gang,” KCS, October 7, 1938; Missouri Department of Corrections Records; “Author Claims Lethal Gas Isn’t Humane as Hanging,” JCPT, November 14, 1938.
6. PILLAR OF RESPECTABILITY
1. See, e.g., Kai Bird, The Chairman: John J. McCloy and the Making of the American Establishment (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1992); Thomas Alan Schwartz, America’s Germany: John J. McCloy and the Federal Republic of Germany (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991); Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas, The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997); Alan Brinkley, “The Most Influential Private Citizen in America,” Harpers, February 1983, pp. 31–46; “‘We Know the Russians,’” Time, June 20, 1949. The John J. McCloy Papers are located at Amherst College.
2. Quoted in Isaacson and Thomas, Wise Men, p. 122.
3. “‘We Know the Russians.’”
4. Paul Warburg (1868–1932) was a Jewish-German-American banker who helped found the U.S. Federal Reserve system, the Council on Foreign Relations, and many other key institutions. He also served on the board of the American IG Farben Chemical Company. McCloy also worked closely with his son, the banker and diplomat James P. Warburg.