5. The firm also had offices in Washington, D.C., and Paris. The Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory, 71st Annual edition, Vol. I (New York: Martindale-Hubbell, 1939), p. 1031.
6. Isaacson and Thomas, Wise Men, p. 122.
7. Howard Watson Ambruster, Treason’s Peace: German Dyes and American Dupes (New York: Beechhurst Press, 1947), pp. 328–29, 345, 366, 370, 386, 411.
8. On IG Farben, see Joseph Borkin, The Crime of IG Farben (New York: The Free Press, 1978); Joseph Borkin and Charles Welsh, Germany’s Master Plan (New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1943); Ambruster, Treason’s Peace; Richard Sasuly, IG Farben (New York: Boni & Gaer, 1947); Peter Hayes, Industry and Ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi Era (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987); John V. H. Dippel, Two Against Hitler (New York: Praeger, 1992); and Diarmuid Jeffreys, Hell’s Carteclass="underline" The Rise and Fall of IG Farben (London: Bloomsbury, 2008).
9. See Ray Eldon Hiebert, Courtier to the Crowd: The Story of Ivy Lee and the Development of Public Relations (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1966); U.S. Congress, House of Representatives, Special Committee on Un-American Activities, Investigation of Nazi Propaganda Activities and Investigation of Certain Other Propaganda Activities, 74th Cong., 1st sess., Report no. 153 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1934).
10. Quoted in Jules Witcover, Sabotage at Black Tom (Chapel Hilclass="underline" University of North Carolina Press, 1989), p. 301.
11. See Bird, The Chairman, book 1.
12. Robert Paul Browder and Thomas G. Smith, Independent: A Biography of Lewis W. Douglas (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986), p. 111.
13. As president of Harvard, Conant had been criticized for his tolerance of anti-Semitism. In 1934 he allowed the alumnus Ernst “Putzi” Hanfstaengl, a member of Hitler’s inner circle, to participate in numerous welcoming events at the university; he also maintained a tight quota on Jewish admissions and never publicly criticized the Nazis for their treatment of Jews. In 1933 Conant corresponded with the chemical director of DuPont (a Harvard alumnus) about whether to hire a renowned organic chemist who happened to be Jewish. Conant advised that the candidate was “certainly very definitely of the Jewish type—rather heavy,” probably dogmatic, with “none of the earmarks of genius,” and he recommended against the hiring. See Stephen H. Norwood, “Legitimating Nazism: Harvard University and the Hitler Regime, 1933–1937,” American Jewish History 92 (June 2004); E. K. Bolton to Dr. James B. Conant, September 8, 1933, and James B. Conant to Dr. E. K. Bolton, September 13, 1933, box 31, James B. Conant Presidential Papers, Harvard University Archives, Pusey Library, Cambridge.
14. Browder and Smith, Independent, pp. 119–20.
15. Most of this information comes directly from DEGUSSA’s own website, www.degussa-history.com (accessed on May 25, 2006).
16. Browder and Smith, Independent, chapter 10.
17. Ibid., pp. 124–26.
18. Hans Zinsser, Rats, Lice and History (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1935).
19. Zinsser’s mentor, Dr. Charles Nicolle of the Pasteur Institute in Tunis, had been the first to prove that lice from rats were the carrier of typhus, for which Nicolle received the Nobel Prize in 1928. See Naomi Baumslag, Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2005), pp. 12–13.
20. The American Polish Relief Expedition of the U.S. Army was one of the units that attacked the lice using mobile delousing field columns that moved from town to town.
21. Alexander Cockburn, “Zyklon B on the Border,” The Nation, June 21, 2007. Peters also wrote a book about Zyklon-B; see Dr. Gerhard Peters, “Blausäure zur Schädlingsbekämpfung” (Hydrocyanic Acid for Pest Control) (Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke, 1933), which is available on the web at www.holocaust-history.org/works/peters-1933/. The patent referred to is number 2,344,105, patented by the U.S. Patent Office on March 14, 1944.
22. “Der ewige Jude,” Unser Willie und Weg 10 (1940): 54–55.
23. See Guenter Lewy, The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000).
24. Alexis Carrel, Man, the Unknown (New York: Doubleday, 1935), p. 391. See also Alexis Carrel, Reflections on Life, trans. Antonia White (London: H. Hamilton, 1952). To date, biographers have given him strongly favorable treatment, largely overlooking his racism and his role as a fascist member of the Vichy government.
25. Associated Press, “German Jurists Shocked,” NYT, August 9, 1927.
26. Robert G. Waite, “Law Enforcement and Crime in America: The View from Germany, 1920–1940,” in Criminal Justice History, vol. 13, ed. Louis A. Knafla (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993), 191–215.
27. “Against Reich Executions,” NYT, November 2, 1928; Guido Enderis, “Legal Right to Kill Proposed in Reich,” NYT, May 19, 1929.
28. Frederick T. Birchall, “Nazis Riot in Court as 5 Are Condemned for Murder of Reds,” NYT, August 23, 1932.
29. Otto D. Tolischus, “2 Americans Face Secret Reich Trial,” NYT, November 16, 1934.
30. Associated Press, “Death for Pacifists,” NYT, April 20, 1935; see also Richard J. Evans, Rituals of Retribution: Capital Punishment in Germany, 1600–1987 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
31. General Amos Fries to Cong. Samuel Dickstein, March 21, 1933, University of Oregon Library, Fries Papers, box 3; Joseph W. Bendersky, The “Jewish Threat”: Anti-Semitic Politics of the U.S. Army (New York: Basic Books, 2000), pp. 245–46.
32. See Edwin Black, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a Master Race (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003); and Stefan Kühl, The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
33. “Eugenicists Hail Their Progress as Indicating Era of Supermen,” NYHT, August 28, 1932.
34. Black, War Against the Weak, pp. 314–15.
35. Kühl, Nazi Connection, pp. 86–88.
36. Foster Kennedy, “Euthanasia: To Be or Not to Be?” Colliers, May 20, 1939, pp. 15–16; “Mercy Death Law Ready for Albany,” NYT, February 14, 1939.
37. Foster Kennedy, “The Problem of Social Control of the Congenital Defective: Education, Sterilization, Euthanasia,” American Journal of Psychiatry 99 (July 1942): 13–16.
38. Black, War Against the Weak, p. 309; see also Edwin Black, IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America’s Most Powerful Corporation (New York: Crown Publishers, 2001).
39. G. L. Steer, “Ethiopians Suffer in Biggest Air Raid,” NYT, March 26, 1936.
40. German Olympic propaganda, quoted in Kühl, Nazi Connection, pp. 88, 135.
41. Sam Knight, “The Tragic Story of Wallace Hume Carothers,” Financial Times, November 29, 2008.