42. “W. Douglas Heads McGill University,” NYT, October 5, 1937.
43. “11 Concerns Named as Nitrate Trust,” NYT, December 4, 1940.
44. “Produces Chemical Here: DuPont Starts First U.S. Output of Potassium Cyanide,” NYT, December 5, 1940.
45. “Vast Reich Funds Hunted in Inquiry into Drug Business,” NYT, April 11, 1941.
46. “World Dye Trust Laid to 8 Big Firms,” NYT, May 15, 1943. American Cyanamid was fined $453,451, a large fine considering that its net profit the previous year was $5.6 million.
47. Borkin and Welsh, Germany’s Master Plan, p. 90.
48. “German Cartels Reported Boring In,” NYT, September 13, 1944.
49. Quoted in Isaacson and Thomas, Wise Men, p. 186.
50. Browder and Smith, Independent, p. 158.
51. See Peter Irons, Justice at War: The Story of the Japanese American Internment Cases (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983).
7. THE RISING STORM
1. Svend Ranulf, Moral Indignation and Middle Class Psychology (New York: Schocken Books, 1964 [1938]).
2. Charles E. Silberman, Criminal Violence, Criminal Justice (New York: Random House, 1978), p. 30.
3. Walter White, quoted in Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper & Row, 1944), p. 563.
4. Edwin H. Sutherland, Principles of Criminology, 3rd ed. (New York: J. B. Lippincott, 1939), pp. 560–62.
5. National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement, Lawlessness in Law Enforcement (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1931).
6. See Haywood Patterson and Earl Conrad, Scottsboro Boy (New York: Doubleday, 1950).
7. Brown v. Mississippi, 297 U.S. 278 (1936).
8. Sutherland, Principles of Criminology, pp. 120–21.
9. John R. Larkins, The Negro Population of North Carolina: Social and Economic (Raleigh: North Carolina State Board of Charities and Public Welfare, 1944), p. 51.
10. See esp. Myrdal, An American Dilemma, which cites many such studies.
11. Paul M. Green, “A Rape, a Two-Day Trial, a Mistake,” RNO, June 6, 1999.
12. State v. Peele, 220 N.C. 83, 16 S.E.2d 449 (1941); Record on appeal, No. 145, N.C. Supreme Court (1941); RNO, October 11, 1941; Paul M. Green, “Innocent in North Carolina,” Trial Briefs, April 2000, p. 10.
13. Buck v. Bell, 274 U.S. 200, 207 (1927).
14. Radelet, “Capital Punishment in Colorado, 1859–1972,” UCLR 74(3) (2003).
15. “Woman Executed in Gas Chamber,” NYT, November 22, 1941; Kevin Roderick, “Last Steps and Words on Death Row,” LAT, March 28, 1990.
16. Floyd Loveless, the prisoner executed in Nevada on September 29, 1944, had been only fifteen years old when he committed the murder for which he was sentenced to death. Floyd Loveless file, Nevada State Prison Inmate Case Files, Nevada State Library and Archives, Carson City, Nevada.
17. Kevin Roderick, “Last Steps and Last Words on Death Row,” LAT, March 28, 1990.
18. Prime Minister’s Personal Minute, dated June 7, 1944, in Guenther W. Gellermann, Der Krieg, der nicht stattfand (Koblenz: Bernard & Graefe Verlag, 1986), pp. 249–51.
19. Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, 103d Cong., 2nd sess., Is Military Research Hazardous to Veterans’ Health? A Staff Report Prepared for the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs (Washington, DC: United States Senate, December 8, 1994).
8. ADAPTED FOR GENOCIDE
1. Richard Breitman, The Architect of Genocide: Himmler and the Final Solution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), pp. 166, 289 n95, citing Gerhard Peters’s affidavit, United States National Archives, War Crimes, Record Group 238, Microform Series T-301/R 99/700, NI-12111.
2. Hitler’s euthanasia order read as follows:Berlin, 1 September 1939 [but actually predated from October 1]Reichsleiter Bouhler and Dr. Brandt, M.D., are charged with the responsibility of enlarging the authority of certain physicians to be designated by name in such a manner that persons who, according to human judgment, are incurable can, upon a most careful diagnosis of their condition of sickness, be accorded a mercy death.
[signed] A. Hitler
3. Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986), pp. 62–70; Robert N. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), pp. 114–15, 177–79.
4. Henry Friedlander, The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution (Chapel Hilclass="underline" University of North Carolina Press, 1995), pp. 94–96.
5. Lifton, Nazi Doctors; Friedlander, Origins of Nazi Genocide.
6. National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives Building, Washington, D.C., Nuremberg Documents, RG 238: interrogation of Karl Brandt, October 1, 1945, P.M., p. 7.
7. Testimony of Viktor Brack, U.S. Military Tribunal, Transcript of the Proceedings in Case 1, p. 7652, quoted in Friedlander, Origins of Nazi Genocide, p. 88.
8. Arno J. Mayer, Why Did the Heavens Not Darken: The “Final Solution” in History (New York: Pantheon, 1988); Friedlander, Origins of Nazi Genocide; Lifton, Nazi Doctors.
9. Friedlander, Origins of Nazi Genocide, p. 115.
10. Mayer, Why Did the Heavens Not Darken.
11. Edwin Black, War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America’s Campaign to Create a Master Race (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 2003), p. 337.
12. See Friedlander, Origins of Nazi Genocide.
13. DEGESCH, “Directives for the Use of Prussic Acid (Zyklon) for the Destruction of Vermin (Disinfestation),” NI-9912, as cited in Jean-Claude Pressac, Auschwitz: Technique and Operation of the Gas Chambers (New York: Beate Klarsfeld Foundation, 1989), p. 18.
14. Eugen Kogon, Hermann Langbein, and Adalbert Rückerl, Nazi Mass Murder: A Documentary History of the Use of Poison Gas, trans. Mary Scott and Caroline Lloyd-Morris (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1993), p. 139.
15. Friedlander, Origins of Nazi Genocide, p. 287. See also American Cyanamid and Chemical Corporation, Military Fumigation Manuaclass="underline" Zyklon Discoids for Insect Control (New York: American Cyanamid, 1944).
16. Harry W. Mazal, “Zyklon-B: A Brief Report on the Physical Structure and Composition,” www.holocaust-history.org/auschwitz/zyklonb/ (accessed May 4, 2009).
17. Testimony of SS-Unterscharführer Pery Broad, describing gassing in Krema I in Auschwitz, quoted in Rudolf Höss, Pery Broad, and Johann Paul Kremer, KL Auschwitz as Seen by the SS, trans. Constantine FitzGibbon (New York: Howard Fertig, 1984), p. 176.
18. Quoted in Yitzhak Arad, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka: The Operation Reinhard Death Camps (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987), p. 9.