19. Testimony of Hans Stark, registrar of new arrivals in the Auschwitz death camp, quoted in E. Klee, W. Dressen, V. Riess, The Good Old Days (New York: The Free Press, 1988), p. 255.
20. Friedlander, Origins of Nazi Genocide, p. 287.
21. Breitman, Architect of Genocide.
22. Die Zeit, January 9, 1998.
23. Peter Novick, The Holocaust in American Life (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1999), p. 24.
24. On what the German people knew, see Daniel Jonah Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996).
25. Ibid., p. 198.
26. “Mann Bids Reich Break Nazi Yoke: Author Warns German People to Act Before Ever-Growing World Hatred Engulfs You,” NYT, December 7, 1941.
27. United Press, untitled report, dateline Stockholm, Sweden, NYT, June 27, 1942.
28. “Poles Ask U.S. to Seize Nazis,” NYT, July 10, 1942.
29. Paul Jacobs, Is Curly Jewish? (New York: Reader’s Digest Press, 1965), p. 15.
30. “Poland in Appeal on Nazi Outrages,” NYT, November 28, 1942.
31. Milton Bracker, “Polish Executions Put at 3,200,000,” NYT, July 27, 1943.
32. Goldhagen, Hitler’s Willing Executioners, p. 194.
33. Victor Cavendish-Bentinck Minute, August 23, 1943, Public Record Office, FO 371/34551.
34. “1943 Timeline,” www.holocaustchronicle.org/StaticPages/462.html (accessed August 13, 2007).
35. “Dewey for Offset to Anti-Semitism,” NYT, March 29, 1944.
36. Joseph M. Levy, “Jews in Hungary Fear Annihilation,” NYT, May 10, 1944.
37. “Czechs Report Massacre,” NYT, June 20, 1944.
38. Joseph W. Bendersky, The “Jewish Threat”: Anti-Semitic Politics of the U.S. Army (New York: Basic Books, 2000), pp. 338–40.
39. See especially David S. Wyman, The Abandonment of the Jews: America and the Holocaust, 1941–1945 (New York: Pantheon, 1984).
40. Kai Bird, The Chairman: John J. McCloy and the Making of the American Establishment (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992); Joseph Finder, “Ultimate Insider, Ultimate Outsider,” NYT, April 12, 1992; Robert N. Rosen, Saving the Jews: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust (New York: Basic Books, 2006), pp. 405–6.
41. Interview with Jan Karski, quoted in Doris Kearns Goodwin, No Ordinary Time: Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt: The Home Front in World War II (New York: Touchstone, 1995), p. 516.
42. Peter Novick, Holocaust in American Life, pp. 55–56.
43. W. H. Lawrence, “Nazi Mass Killing Laid Bare in Camp,” NYT, August 30, 1944.
44. “3,000,000 Jews Executed,” NYT, November 13, 1944.
45. Bendersky, “Jewish Threat,” p. 350.
46. William Casey, The Secret War Against Hitler (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1988), p. 218.
47. Gene Currivan, “Forced Tour at Buchenwald,” NYT, April 18, 1945.
48. Affidavit of Karl von Heider, Frankfurt a/M., Grillparzerstr. 83, Nuernberg Military Tribunal, Vol. VII, p. 455, The Mazal Library, www.mazal.org/archive/nmt/07/NMT07-T0455.htm (accessed May 25, 2007).
49. “Nazi Death Factory Shown in Film Here,” NYT, April 28, 1945.
50. Bendersky, “Jewish Threat,” pp. 352–58.
51. Joel Sack, Dawn over Dachau (New York: Shengold Publishers, 1990). I appreciate having had the opportunity to interview Joel Sack, a Dachau survivor, in September 1990.
52. Report of Earl G. Harrison, August 1945, pp. 2, 12, Harry S. Truman Library, Independence, MO, Harry S. Truman Papers, Official Files, box 127.
53. Carey McWilliams, A Mask for Privilege: Anti-Semitism in America (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1948), p. 164.
54. Rebecca West, “Rebecca West at Nuremberg,” from The New Yorker, 1946, reprinted in Louis L. Snyder and Richard B. Morris, eds., A Treasury of Great Reporting (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1962), p. 707.
55. See Telford Taylor, The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials (New York: Knopf, 1992); Joseph E. Persico, Nuremberg: Infamy on Trial (New York: Viking Press, 1994).
56. Pressac, Auschwitz; Peter Hayes, From Cooperation to Complicity: Degussa in the Third Reich (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Lifton, Nazi Doctors, p. 160.
57. Franz von Papen, Memoirs, trans. Brian Connell (London: Andre Deutsch, 1952), p. 563; see also Giles MacDonogh, After the Reich: The Brutal History of the Allied Occupation (New York: Basic Books, 2007).
58. See, e.g., WO 235–12, Case 12, Bergen-Belsen and Auschwitz Concentration Camps Case (Lueneburg Tribunal), 11 vols., National Archives, London.
59. WO 235–83, Case 71, Bruno Tesch, Karl Weinbacher, and Joachim Drosihn (Hamburg Tribunal), National Archives, London.
60. Some defenders of Dr. Tesch, Holocaust deniers, later pointed out that hydrogen cyanide had also been used in large quantities for fumigation, including by the U.S. military. See, e.g., American Cyanamid and Chemical Corporation, Military Fumigation Manual, 1944, cited by William B. Lindsey, “Zyklon B, Auschwitz, and the Trial of Dr. Bruno Tesch,” Journal of Historical Review 4(3) (1983): 261–303.
61. See J. H. Barrington, ed., The Zyklon B Triaclass="underline" Trial of Bruno Tesch and Two Others (London: n.p., 1948); and Joseph Borkin, The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben (New York: The Free Press, 1978). Incidentally, the National Archives in San Francisco contains an investigative case file (RG 175) concerning a series of contracts made by the Chemical Warfare Service with the American Cyanamid and Chemical Corporation in the 1940s.
62. American Jewish Year Book, 1956, available at http://69.20.59.207/AJC_DATA/files/1956_10_centralEurope.pdf (accessed December 1, 2008).
63. John V. H. Dippel, Two Against Hitler: Stealing the Nazis’ Best-Kept Secrets (New York: Praeger, 1992), pp. 84–85. I am indebted to Dr. Dippel for sharing his research with me.
64. Records of the Office of Strategic Services, Record Group 226, U.S. Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Maryland.
65. After the war, Hoffmann was dragooned into working in chemical warfare for the British at Porton Down and for the Americans at Edgewood Arsenal. See Jonathan B. Tucker, War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Qaeda (New York: Pantheon, 2006), pp. 116, 117, 160.
66. Dippel’s book Two Against Hitler covers these relationships.
67. Dippel, Two Against Hitler, p. 85; Robert D. Murphy, Diplomat among Warriors: The Unique World of a Foreign Service Expert (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964), pp. 245, 247–48, 273; Respondek, report on the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, p. 2, Max Planck Gesellschaft, Berlin Archives and Library.
68. Dippel, Two Against Hitler, p. 84.
69. McCloy interview, cited in Jean Edward Smith, Lucius D. Clay: An American Life (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1990), pp. 211, 730.