12. Solotaroff, Last Face You’ll Ever See, p. 90.
13. Affidavit of Daniel Lohwasser, April 15, 1992, vol. 1, exhibit 21, Fierro v. Gomez.
14. 1979 N.M. Laws 150 §8 (lethal injection); N.M. Stat. Ann. §31–14–11 (Michie 1978). The 1979 law expressly did not apply to offenses committed prior to July 1, 1979. See 1979 N.M. Laws 150 § 10; 1983 Nev. Stat. 601 § 1 (lethal injection); 1983 N.C. Sess. Laws 678 §1 (lethal gas, or lethal injection at the condemned’s election; lethal gas if the condemned fails to choose a method); N.C. Gen. Stat. §15–187 (1983). Quote of Representative Warner from Guy Munger, “The Grim History of N.C. Executions,” RNO Perspective, March 4, 1984. Nev. Rev. Stat. 176 §176.355(1) (1983) (amended 1995). The 1983 law did not expressly indicate retroactivity. See State v. Quinn, 623 P.2d 630 (Or. 1981), in which the Oregon Supreme Court found the state law unconstitutional. Then in 1984 Oregon adopted lethal injection. 1984 Or. Laws 3 §7 (lethal injection); Or. Rev. Stat. §137.473(1) (1985). The 1984 law did not expressly indicate retroactive operation. 1984 Miss. Laws 448 §2 (lethal injection; lethal gas if the condemned’s death sentence was imposed prior to the Act’s effective date); 1984 R.I. Pub. Laws 221 §1 (death penalty abolished); 1984 Wyo. Sess. Laws 54 §1 (lethal injection); Wyo. Stat. Ann. §7–13–904(a) (Michie 1984). The 1984 act did not expressly indicate retroactivity. See 1988 Colo. Sess. Laws 113 §1 (lethal injection); 1988 Mo. Laws p. 985 §A (lethal gas or lethal injection; statute leaves unclear at whose election); Mo. Rev. Stat. §546.720 (1988). The 1988 law also did not expressly indicate retroactivity.
15. William B. Lindsey, “Zyklon B, Auschwitz, and the Trial of Dr. Bruno Tesch,” Journal of Historical Review 4(3) (1983): 261–303.
16. Documents regarding this case may be found at www.shamash.org/holocaust/denial/mervsIHR.txt (accessed May 2, 2009).
17. Mark Weber, “William Lindsey,” Journal of Historical Review 13(3) (1992): 21.
18. “An Englishman Abroad,” in Gray and Stanley, Punishment in Search of a Crime, pp. 171–86; United Press International, “The Mississippi Executioner,” May 17, 1987; “Johnson Execution Places Media in Newsmaker Role,” The Panolian, May 27, 1987; Christopher Hitchens, “Minority Report,” The Nation, August 29, 1987, p. 150.
19. “Evans Is Executed at Parchman,” CLJDN, July 8, 1987; Associated Press, “Texas and Mississippi Executions Are Carried out after Pleas Fail,” NYT, July 9, 1987.
20. Solotaroff, Last Face You’ll Ever See, pp. 169–70.
21. Affidavit of Robert R. Marshall, April 14, 1992, exhibit 23, vol. 1, Fierro v. Gomez.
22. United Press International, “Edwards Executed for Convenience Store Murder,” June 21, 1989; Associated Press, “Man Who Called His Trial Unjust Is Executed for Mississippi Killing,” NYT, June 22, 1989. See also “Miss. Robber Executed,” Newsday, June 22, 1989, pp. 16, 18; “Mississippi Store-Clerk Executed,” Facts on File World News Digest, July 14, 1989; Solotaroff, Last Face You’ll Ever See, pp. 178–79.
23. Martin Garbus, Courting Disaster: The Supreme Court and the Unmaking of American Law (New York: Times Books, 2002), pp. 50–51.
24. McCleskey v. Kemp. 107 S.Ct. 1756 (1987).
25. David C. Baldus, George Woodworth, and Charles A. Pulaski Jr., “Monitoring and Evaluating Contemporary Death Sentencing Systems: Lessons from Georgia,” University of California at Davis Law Review 18(4) (Summer 1985): 1401.
26. McCleskey v. Kemp, at 1765, 1769.
27. People v. Anderson, 493 P.2d 880, 889 (Cal. 1992) (declaring the state’s death penalty law unconstitutional under the state prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment). The new law enacted was 1992 Cal. Stat. 558 §2 (lethal gas or lethal injection at the condemned’s election; lethal gas if the condemned fails to choose a method); Cal. Penal Code §3604(a–c) (West 1941) (amended 1992). Ariz. Const. Art. XXII, §22 (1992) (lethal injection or lethal gas at the condemned’s election if the condemned was sentenced to death for an offense committed prior to the act’s effective date; lethal injection if the preenactment condemned fails to choose a method); Ariz. Rev. Stat. Ann. §13–704(a–b) (1978) (amended 1993). In Maryland, 1994 Md. Laws 5 §1 (lethal injection); 1994 Md. Laws 5 §2 (lethal injection, or lethal gas at the condemned’s election, if the condemned’s death sentence was imposed prior to the act’s effective date; lethal injection if the preenactment condemned fails to choose a method); Md. Ann. Code, art. 27, §71 (1957) (amended 1994); Md. Ann. Code art. 27 §627 (1957) (amended 1994).
28. See “Life of Violence Ends Violently,” TC, April 6, 1992; “Witnessing a ‘Medieval’ Execution,” AR, April 5, 1992; “Where and How an Inmate Is Executed,” AR, April 5, 1992; “Don Harding Put to Death, 1st State Execution Since ’63,” AR, April 6, 1992; “Harding’s Death Raises Questions on Gas Chamber,” AR, April 7, 1992; “Harding’s Slow Death Renews Death Penalty Debate,” PG, April 7, 1992; and “Woods Says He Didn’t See Finger Gesture,” PG, April 7, 1992.
29. Affidavit of Reverend Ralph Fowler, April 15, 1992, exhibit 15, vol. 1, Fierro v. Gomez.
30. Affidavit of Donna Leone Hamm, April 14, 1992, exhibit 16, vol. 1, Fierro v. Gomez.
31. “Arizona Executes Killer; State Gripped by Grisly Accounts,” LAT, April 7, 1992.
32. “Gruesome Death in Gas Chamber Pushes Arizona Towards Injections,” NYT, April 25, 1992; “Switch to Lethal Injection Gets an OK in Arizona,” SFCE, April 25, 1992; “Arizona Likely to Switch from Gas to Injection: ‘Humane’ Measure Gains Support after Harris Execution,” Sunday San Francisco Examiner/Chronicle, April 26, 1992; “Arizona House Approves Switch in Execution Method,” San Francisco Daily Journal, April 27, 1992; “Bad Luck on Gallows Led State to Replace Hanging,” AR, January 5, 1993; “Lethal Injection: Most Relatives of Victims Don’t Want Killers to Suffer,” PG, February 24, 1993.
33. The text of some of this correspondence is contained in the Fierro v. Gomez exhibit materials.
34. Daniel B. Vasquez, “Trauma Treatment: Helping Prison Staff Handle the Stress of an Execution,” Corrections Today 55(4) (July 1993): 70, 72.
35. Gomez v. United States District Court for the Northern District of California, 503 U.S. 653, 655 (1992).
36. Gomez v. California, 503 U.S. 653, 654 (1992).
37. See Charles M. Sevilla and Michael Laurence, “Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents: The Death Penalty Case of Robert Alton Harris,” UCLA Law Review 40(2) (1992): 345–79.
38. Declaration of Craig W. Haney, Ph.D., exhibit 38, vol. 1, Fierro v. Gomez.
39. Dan Morain, “Witness to the Execution: A Macabre, Surreal Event,” LAT, April 22, 1992; Larry Hatfield, “Witness’ Report: Banal and Macabre,” SFE, April 22, 1992; Richard Polito, “Harris Saga Finally Ends,” Marin Independent Journal, April 22, 1992; Sam Stanton, “Eyewitness: Harris’ Violent Life Ends Quickly,” SB, April 22, 1992; Tamara Welch, “Writer’s Eyewitness Report,” Bakersfield Californian, April 22, 1992; “San Quentin Pre-Execution Activity Log,” two-page execution summary for Robert Harris from the Warden’s Execution Book, California State Archives.