SVI — Shestoi s’’ezd RSDRP(b). Avgust 1917 goda. Protokoly
SVIII — Vos’moi s’’ezd RKP(b). Mart 1919 goda. Protokoly
SX — Desyatyi s’’ezd RKP(b). Mart 1921 g. Stenograficheskii otchët
SXVII — Semnadtsatyi s’’ezd VKP(b). 26 yanvarya — 10 fevralya 1934 goda. Stenograficheskii otchët
SXVIII — Vosemnadtsatyi s’’ezd. 10–21 marta 1939 goda. Stenograficheskii otchët
SXX — Dvadtsatyi s’’ezd Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza. 14–25 fevralya 1956 goda. Stenograficheskii otchët
SXXII — Dvadtsat’ vtoroi s’’ezd Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza. 17–31 oktyabrya 1961 goda. Stenograficheskii otchët
SXXIV — Dvadtsat’ chetvërtyi s’’ezd Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza. 30 marta — 9 aprelya 1971 goda. Stenograficheskii otchët
SXXVII — Dvadtsat’ sed’moi s’’ezd Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza. 25 fevralya — 6 marta 1986 goda. Stenograficheskii otchët
TP — The Trotsky Papers, 1917–1922
VIKPSS — Voprosy istorii Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza
Introduction
1 The last serious such endeavour was M. S. Gorbachëv, Perestroika. New Thinking for Our Country and the World.
2 Otto Bauer, Bolschewismus oder Sozialdemokratie? (Vienna, 1920).
3 K. Kautsky, The Dictatorship of the Proletariat; Yu. Martov, Mirovoi bol’shevizm; B. Russell, The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism; T. Dan, The Origins of Bolshevism.
4 L. D. Trotsky, The Revolution Betrayed.
5 I. A. Il’in, O soprotivlenii zlu siloyu; A. I. Solzhenitsyn, Letter to the Soviet Leaders and Kak nam obustroit’ Rossiyu?
6 N. Berdyaev, The Russian Idea. Ideas of a not dissimilar nature can be found in B. Kerblay, Modern Soviet Society and S. White, Political Culture and Soviet Politics.
7 R. Fülöp-Miller, The Mind and Face of Bolshevism: An Examination of Cultural Life in Soviet Russia.
8 N. S. Trubetskoi, K probleme russkogo samosoznaniya: sobranie statei.
9 N. Ustryalov, Pod znakom revolyutsii. A recent work stressing the imperial and ethnic dimensions of the USSR is H. Carrère d’Encausse, Decline of an Empire.
10 L. N. Gumilëv, V poiskakh vymyshlennogo tsarstva and Ritmy Evrazii.
11 E. H. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution; B. Moore Jr, The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy.
12 R. Neumann, Behemoth; M. Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled; L. Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Totalitarianism.
13 M. Djilas, The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System;M. Voslensky, Nomenklatura: The Anatomy of the Soviet Ruling Class.
14 D. Bell, The End of Ideology.
15 See I. Kershaw, The Nazi Dictatorship, pp. 34–46.
16 D. Granick, Management of the Industrial Firm in the USSR, A Study in Soviet Economic Planning; J. Berliner, Factory and Manager in the USSR. The journal Soviet Studies regularly carried accounts of political, economic and social life below the level of the Kremlin.
17 R. Suny, The Baku Commune.
18 R. Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution.
19 D. Koenker, Moscow Workers; S. A. Smith, Red Petrograd.
20 F. Benvenuti, The Bolsheviks and the Red Army; O. Figes, Peasant Russia, Civil War; R. Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution.
21 R. W. Davies, The Soviet Economy in Turmoil; M. Lewin, The Making of the Soviet System.
22 F. Benvenuti, Fuoco sui Sabotatori!; D. Filtzer, Soviet Workers and Stalinist Industrialization; L. Siegelbaum. Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR, 1935–1941.
23 V. Buldakov, Krasnaya smuta.
24 S. Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution.
25 S. Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization.
26 M. Lewin, Lenin’s Last Struggle; S. F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Russian Revolution; R. W. Davies, The Socialist Offensive.
27 J. Hough, The Soviet Prefects; J. Hough, The Soviet Union and Social Science Theory; H. G. Skilling and F. Griffiths, Interest Groups in Soviet Politics. See also J. Hough’s 1979 revisions of the original edition of Merle Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled.
28 M. Lewin, The Gorbachev Phenomenon.
29 T. H. Rigby, The Changing Soviet System and Political Elites in the USSR: Central Leaders and Local Cadres from Lenin to Gorbachev.
30 A. Brown, ‘Political Power and the Soviet State’, in N. Harding (ed.), The State in Socialist Society.
31 M. Malia, Russia Under Western Eyes; R. Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime.
32 R. Conquest, Power and Policy in the USSR; M. Fainsod, Smolensk Under Soviet Rule.
33 A. Brown, The Gorbachëv Factor.
34 G. A. Hosking, A History of the Soviet Union.
1 And Russia? (1900–1914)
1 T. von Laue, Serge Witte and the Industrialisation of Russia.
2 O. Crisp, Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914, p. 154.
3 Ibid., pp. 34–5.
4 S. M. Dubrovskii, Sel’skoe khozyaistvo i krest’yanstvo Rossii v period imperializma, p. 225.
5 T. Shanin, The Awkward Class, ch. 2.
6 This figure does not include Russian-ruled Poland: A. Gershenkron, ‘Agrarian Policies and Industrialisation’, p. 730.
7 A. G. Rashin, Naselenie Rossii za 100 let, pp. 297–9.
8 M. Perrie and R. W. Davies, ‘The Social Context’, p. 40.
9 A. G. Rashin, Formirovanie rabochego klassa Rossii, p. 171.
10 R. Kaiser, The Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the Soviet Union, p. 53.
11 J. M. Hartley, Alexander I, p. 118.
12 H. Rogger, National Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century Russia, ch. 1.
13 B. Eklof, Russian Peasant Schools, pp. 243–4.
14 O. Figes, A People’s Tragedy, p. 196.
15 Kaiser, The Geography of Nationalism, table 2:10.