16 Ibid., table 2:8.
17 H. Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire, 1801–1917.
18 A. Ascher, The Russian Revolution of 1905, p. 163.
19 S. M. Dubrovskii, Stolypinskaya agrarnaya reforma, pp. 572, 583, 586.
20 G. A. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment, ch. 2.
21 C. Ferenczi, ‘Freedom of the Press, 1905–1914’, pp. 198, 211.
22 R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 1, p. 135.
23 Figes, A People’s Tragedy, pp. 1–17.
24 V. S. Dyakin et al., Krizis samoderzhaviya v Rossii, 1895–1917, p. 448.
25 R. McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions, ch. 10.
26 P. Waldron, ‘States of Emergency’, p. 4.
2 The Fall of the Romanovs (1914–1917)
1 D. Lieven, Russia and the Origins of the First World War, pp. 67–9.
2 D. Lieven, Nicholas II: Emperor of all the Russias, pp. 200–205.
3 N. Stone, The Eastern Front, p. 66.
4 P. V. Volobuev, Ekonomicheskaya politika Vremennogo Pravitel’stva, ch. 1.
5 R. Pearson, The Russian Moderates and the Crisis of Tsarism, p. 117.
6 S. G. Wheatcroft, ‘The Balance of Grain Production and Utilisation in Russia before and during the Revolution’, pp. 3–5.
7 R. W. Davies, ‘Industry’, p. 135.
8 I. I. Mints, Istoriya Velikogo Oktyabrya, vol. 1, p. 325.
9 Volobuev, Ekonomicheskaya politika, p. 365.
10 A. L. Sidorov, Istoricheskie predposylki Velikoi oktyabr’skoi sotsialisticheskoi revolyutsii, pp. 31–2.
11 R. McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions, pp. 380–85.
12 Stone, The Eastern Front, pp. 240, 247.
13 Pearson, The Russian Moderates, pp. 125–6.
14 P. Gatrell, ‘The First World War and War Communism’, p. 218.
15 Ibid.
16 A. M. Anfimov, introduction to Krest’anskoe dvizhenie, pp. 14–18.
17 S. A. Smith, Red Petrograd. Revolution in the Factories, p. 46.
18 W. G. Rosenberg, Liberals in the Russian Revolution, p. 57.
19 Their dominance was such that the first cabinet was not referred to as the First Coalition.
20 A. H. Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1, pp. 186–8.
21 L. Lande, ‘Some Statistics of the Unification Congress’, p. 389; O. H. Radkey, The Agrarian Foes of Communism, p. 236.
22 Z. Galili, The Menshevik Leaders in the Russian Revolution, pp. 269–73.
23 See M. Perrie, ‘The Peasants’, pp. 22–3.
24 Rosenberg, Liberals, p. 174.
25 Smith, Red Petrograd, p. 55.
26 Ibid., pp. 145–9.
27 V. I. Kostrikin, ‘Krest’yanskoe dvizhenie nakanune Oktyabrya’, p. 24.
28 Smith, Red Petrograd, pp. 169–70.
29 J. Channon, ‘The Landowners’, p. 124.
30 H. White, ‘The Provisional Government and the Problem of Power in the Provinces’.
31 J. Reshetar, The Ukrainian Revolution; A. F. Upton, The Finnish Revolution; R. G. Suny, The Baku Commune. Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution.
32 S. F. Jones, ‘The Non-Russian Nationalities’, pp. 55–6.
PART ONE
3 Conflicts and Crises (1917)
1 It ought to be added that they did not intend to scrap such nationally-based units as already existed. Finland was the prime example.
2 I. Getzler, ‘Soviets as Agents of Democratisation’, pp. 7–30.
3 R. Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 154–5.
4 PSS, vol. 31, pp. 113–16.
5 Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 156–60.
6 R. Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution, p. 54.
7 Ibid., p. 43.
8 Ibid., pp. 46, 53.
9 PSS, vol. 31, p. 267.
10 W. G. Rosenberg, Liberals in the Russian Revolution, p. 174.
11 A. Rabinowitch, Prelude to Revolution, ch. 5.
12 R. A. Wade, The Russian Search for Peace, p. 111.
13 P. V. Volobuev, Ekonomicheskaya politika, p. 379.
14 Ibid., p. 385.
15 T. Kitanina, Voina, khleb i revolyutsiya, p. 344.
16 D. Lieven, Nicholas II, p. 238.
17 J. S. Curtiss, The Russian Church and the Soviet State, p. 38.
18 A. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power in Petrograd, p. 126.
19 H. White, ‘The Urban Middle Classes’, pp. 78–9.
20 P. V. Volobuev, Proletariat i burzhuaziya, p. 219.
21 PSS, vol. 34, p. 389.
22 A. V. Shestakov, Ocherki po sel’skomu khozyaistvu, p. 142.
23 M. Perrie, ‘The Peasants’, p. 17.
24 S. A. Smith, ‘Workers’ Controclass="underline" February–October 1917’, pp. 22–3.
25 A. H. Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1, ch. 9.
26 Z. Galili, The Menshevik Leaders in the Russian Revolution, pp. 387–91.
27 Ibid., pp. 387–9.
28 ‘Iz rechi tov. Bukharina na vechere vospominanii 1921 g.’, Proletarskaya revolyutsiya, no.10 (1921), p. 319.
29 Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 251–7.
30 Ibid., pp. 273–4.
31 I. Getzler, Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social-Democrat, pp. 155–6.
32 R. G. Suny, The Baku Commune, ch. 3.
4 The October Revolution (1917–1918)
1 PSS, vol. 33, pp. 1–120.
2 R. Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 220–24.
3 Pravda, 29 October 1917.
4 I. Getzler, Martov, p. 162; A. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks, p. 292.
5 T. H. Rigby, Lenin’s Government, p. 27.
6 L. Trotsky, My Life. An Attempt at Autobiography, p. 355.
7 Resheniya partii i pravitel’stva po khozyaistvennym voprosam, vol. 1, pp. 11–12.
8 Ibid., pp. 12–14.
9 Ibid., pp. 15–16.
10 Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 270–71.
11 PSS, vol. 35, pp. 51–2.
12 G. Leggett, The Cheka. Lenin’s Secret Police, p. 17.
13 Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 285–6.
14 Dekrety Sovetskoi vlasti, vol. 1, p. 40.
15 N. Valentinov, Vstrechi s Leninym, pp. 40–41.
16 Service, Lenin, vol. 2, p. 185.
17 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 186.
18 PSS, vol. 49, p. 340.
19 This figure is based upon the Central Committee full members; it also takes into account the redating of Stalin’s birth.