25 ITsKKPSS, no. 9 (1989), p. 39.
26 E. A. Rees, ‘Stalin, the Politburo and Rail Transport Policy’, p. 124.
27 F. Benvenuti, Fuoco sui Sabotatori!, ch. 2; and D. Filtzer, Soviet Workers and Stalinist Industrialisation, ch. 4; E. A. Rees, Stalinism and Soviet Rail Transport, pp. 123–7.
28 E. Zaleski, Stalinist Planning for Economic Growth, pp. 243–8.
29 P. Broué, Trotsky, pp. 709–12.
30 ITsKKPSS, no. 8 (1989), p. 100.
31 S. G. Wheatcroft and R. W. Davies, ‘Agriculture’, table 19.
32 Khlevnyuk, 1937-y, pp. 132–6.
33 Rees, ‘Stalin, the Politburo and Rail Transport Policy’, p. 106.
34 Khlevnyuk, 1937-y, p. 77.
35 Ibid., p. 114.
36 Ibid.
37 Rittersporn, Simplifications staliniennes, p. 144.
38 Document quoted by O. V. Khlevnyuk, ‘The Objectives of the Great Terror’, p. 166.
39 J. Erickson, The Soviet High Command, pp. 296–8, 402–3; S. Pons, Stalin e la Guerra Inevitabile, pp. 152–3.
40 Rodina, no. 3 (1994), pp. 74–5.
41 Moskovskie novosti, no. 15, 10 April 1989.
42 Quoted in B. A. Starkov, Dela i lyudi, pp. 127–8.
43 Trud, 4 June 1992.
44 Izvestiya, 10 June 1992.
45 See note 43.
46 Pravda, 19 January 1938.
47 Moskovskie novosti, 21 June 1992, p. 19.
48 See note 46.
49 Otechestvennye arkhivy, no. 2 (1992), pp. 28–9.
50 S. G. Wheatcroft and R. W. Davies, ‘Population’, p. 77.
51 Such was the case with the deposition made by Red Army Commander-in-Chief Mikhail Tukhachevski before he was dragged off to the firing-squad.
52 K. Simonov, Glazami, p. 299.
53 Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, p. 334.
54 R. W. Davies, ‘Forced Labour Under Stalin’, p. 67.
55 G. Gill, The Origins of the Stalinist Political System, p. 279.
56 Tak eto bylo. Natsional’ny repressii v SSSR, vol. 1, p. 44, 50, 86, 96.
57 Stalin’s marginal notes as cited by O. Volobuev and S. Kuleshov, Ochishchenie, p. 146.
58 Moskovskie novosti, no. 32, 7 August 1988.
59 R. C. Tucker, Stalin in Power. The Revolution from Above, pp. 482–3.
60 B. A. Viktorov, ‘Geroi iz 37-go’, Komsomol’skaya pravda, 21 August 1988.
61 Trud, 4 June 1992.
62 Ibid.
63 Simonov, Glazami, p. 315.
64 V. F. Nekrasov (ed.), Beria: konets kar’ery, p. 317.
65 Khlevnyuk, 1937-y, pp. 221–2.
66 R. W. Davies, ‘Industry’, table 31.
67 N. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, p. 273.
68 Simonov, Glazami, p. 58.
69 Rees, ‘Stalin, the Politburo and Rail Transport Policy’, pp. 107, 111.
70 SVIII, pp. 143–4, 229.
12 Coping with Big Brothers
1 O. V. Khlevnyuk, 1937-y: Stalin, NKVD i sovetskoe obshchestvo, pp. 232–33.
2 Computed from data in G. Gill, The Origins of the Stalinist Political System, p. 416.
3 N. S. Timasheff, The Great Retreat, pp. 223, 309.
4 F. Benvenuti and S. Pons, Il Sistema, p. 187.
5 See Istoriya Vsesoyuznoi Kommunisticheskoi Partii, ch. 12.
6 I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 14, pp. 142, 152.
7 Ibid., p. 144.
8 Ibid., p. 179.
9 Ibid., pp. 164–5.
10 Neizvestnaya Rossiya, no. 2, pp. 279–81.
11 S. and B. Webb, Soviet Communism: A New Civilisation?, pp. 432–46.
12 Ibid., p. 152.
13 SXVIII, p. 36.
14 SXVIII, p. 26.
15 T. H. Rigby, ‘Was Stalin a Disloyal Patron?’, p. 132.
16 N. S. Khrushchev, The Glasnost Tapes, p. 38.
17 K. Simonov, Glazami, pp. 378–9.
18 P. Juviler, Revolutionary Law and Order, ch. 3.
19 Rodina, no. 3 (1994), p. 79.
20 D. Filtzer, Soviet Workers and Stalinist Industrialisation, ch. 8.
21 N. Jasny, The Socialized Agriculture of the Soviet Union, pp. 341–2.
22 R. Conquest, Industrial Workers in the USSR, pp. 103–5.
23 Jasny, The Socialized Agriculture, p. 342.
24 See note 20.
25 I owe this metaphor to Katherine Braithwaite’s intervention in a lecture I was giving.
26 D. Hoffmann, Peasant Metropolis.
27 Timasheff, The Great Retreat, pp. 197, 200–202.
28 F. Chuev (ed.), Tak govoril Kaganovich, p. 59.
29 Pravda, no. 179, 1 July 1937 and following copies: no doubt Stalin also wanted to avoid being held personally responsible for the Great Terror if it went wrong and he was brought to account for it.
30 R. O. G. Urch, The Rabbit King of Siberia , chs 13, 19.
31 M. Gor’kii, L. Averbakh and S. Firin (eds), Belomorsko–Baltiiskii Kanal imeni Stalina.
32 R. Stites, Russian Popular Culture, pp. 72–6.
33 A. Bergson, The Real National Income of Soviet Russia since 1928, p. 251.
34 A. S. Shinkarchuk, Obshchestvennoe mnenie, p. 37.
35 Ibid., pp. 46–7.
36 Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 14, p. 238.
37 S. Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s Peasants, pp. 289–96.
38 Yu. A. Polyakov, V. B. Zhiromskaya and I. N. Kiselëv, ‘Polveka molchaniya’, p. 69.
39 J. D. Barber and R. W. Davies, ‘Employment and Industrial Labour’, p. 103.
40 M. Harrison, ‘National Income’ in The Economic Transformation, p. 53.
41 Neizvestnaya Rossiya, no. 2, pp. 272–9. On the complexities of social attitudes in the 1930s see S. Davies, Public Opinion in Stalin’s Russia.
42 A. Inkeles and R. M. Bauer, The Soviet Citizen. Daily Life in a Total-itarian Society, pp. 234–6.
43 Quoted in Khlevnyuk, 1937-y, p. 88–9; and D. A. Volkogonov, Stalin, vol. 1, part 2, p. 58.
13 The Second World War (1939–1945)
1 A. di Biagio, Le Origini dell’isolazionismo Sovietico, ch. 1.
2 J. Haslam, The Soviet Union and the Struggle for Collective Security, pp. 121, 125, 156–7; R. C. Nation, Black Earth, Red Star, pp. 101–2; S. Pons, Stalin e la Guerra Inevitabile, pp. 122–3.
3 I am grateful to Silvio Pons for clarifying issues of Soviet foreign policy in the late 1930s.
4 J. Barber and M. Harrison, The Soviet Home Front, p. 17.