9 Pravda, 1 February 1983.
10 N. Ryzhkov, Perestroika: istoriya predatel’stv, pp. 37, 41. For a general account see A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, pp. 64–5.
11 Ryzhkov, Perestroika, p. 61. Gorbachëv says that Politburo candidate member V. I. Dolgikh, too, was involved in the leadership of the research team: Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 233.
12 Ryzhkov, Perestroika, p. 47.
13 See R. Medvedev’s account in Gensek, pp. 93.
14 T. Zaslavskaya, ‘The Novosibirsk Report’, p. 88–108.
15 Arbatov, Svidetel’stvo sovremennika, p. 322.
16 See M. Walker, The Cold War, p. 276.
17 A. Vol’skii, Literaturnaya gazeta, 4 July 1990. The episode is still rather obscure: Gorbachëv claims not to have known about it until after Chernenko’s selection as General Secretary, Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 245. See also Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, pp. 67–9.
18 R. Medvedev, Gensek, pp. 219–22.
19 See R. Sakwa, Gorbachev and his Reforms, p. 11.
20 Narodnoe khozyaistvo v 1983 g., p. 129; Narodnoe khozyaistvo v 1984 g., p. 229.
21 A. S. Chernyaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachëvym, pp. 12–13.
22 Ryzhkov, Perestroika, pp. 37, 61.
23 Istochnik, no. 0 [sic] (1993), pp. 68–72.
24 It was widely reported that Gromyko said that Gorbachëv had a ‘handsome smile but an iron bite’: see A. Roxburgh, The Second Russian Revolution, p. 207. But Gromyko’s quip does not appear in any text of his speech so far published.
25 Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, pp. 121–6.
26 Gorbachëv, Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 38.
27 Ibid., p. 74.
28 G. Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody, p. 339.
29 L’Unità, 9 April 1985.
30 M. Gorbačov and Z. Mlynář, Reformátoři NebývajíŠtˇastni, p. 39. I am grateful to Kieran Williams for alerting me to the existence of this book and for helping me with the Czech language.
31 Gorbachëv, Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 210.
32 Gorbačov and Mlynář, Reformátoři, p. 39.
33 Gorbachëv, Zhizn’ i reformy , vol. 1, pp. 165, 169.
34 Ibid., p. 236.
35 Ibid., p. 265: ‘Tak dal’she zhit’ nel’zya’.
36 I am grateful to Archie Brown for pointing out the significance of the location of the conversation.
37 Istochnik, no. 0 [sic] (1993), p. 74.
38 E. Shevardnadze, Moi vybor, p. 79.
39 Please note that these figures relate to full members of the Politburo.
40 Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p. 77.
41 Gorbachëv, Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 210.
42 Ryzhkov, Perestroika, p. 92.
43 Gorbachëv, Izbrannye rechi i stat’i, vol. 2, p. 212.
44 Party Programme: SXXVII, vol. 1, p. 555.
45 T. Colton, The Dilemma of Reform in the Soviet Union, p. 91.
46 Gorbačov and Mlynář, Reformátoři, p. 69.
47 Walker, The Cold War, p. 273.
48 See note 46.
49 Chernyaev, Shest’ let s Gorbachëvym, p. 57.
50 Ibid., p. 121.
51 SXXVII, vol. 2, p. 32.
52 Z. Medvedev, Nuclear Disaster in the Urals.
53 Gorbachëv, Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 304.
23 Glasnost and Perestroika (1986–1988)
1 J. Graffy, ‘The Literary Press’, pp. 107–36.
2 A. D. Sakharov, Memoirs, p. 615.
3 In Russian, therefore, razvivayushchiisya sotsializm replaced razvitoi sotsializm: R. Service, ‘Gorbachev’s Reforms: The Future in the Past’, p. 279.
4 Ibid., p. 278.
5 Ibid., pp. 277–8, 283–4.
6 A. Smith, Russia and the World Economy, pp. 104–6.
7 Materialy plenuma Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS.
8 Pravda, 26 June 1987.
9 Gorbachëv has suggested that the illness may have been the result of Yeltsin deliberately harming himself with a pair of scissors: Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 374.
10 M. S. Gorbachev, Perestroika. New Thinking for Our Country and the World, pp. 38–41.
11 Ibid., p. 161.
12 Wisely he agreed to drop the long-winded slogan, ‘socialism in the process of self-development’, which he had introduced at the January 1987 Central Committee plenum: see Vadim Medvedev, V komande Gorbachëva, p. 67.
13 A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, pp. 33–4.
14 SXXVII, vol. 1, p. 590.
15 G. Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody, p. 339; R. Gorbachëva, Ya nadeyus’, p. 23.
16 R. Kaiser, The Geography of Nationalism, p. 176.
17 M. S. Gorbachëv, Gody trudnykh reshenii, 1985–1992, p. 106.
18 A. S. Chernyaev, Shest’ let, p. 183.
19 Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody, p. 341.
20 Devyatnadsataya vsesoyuznaya konferentsiya KPSS, vol. 1, p. 58.
21 Ibid., vol. 2, pp. 82–8.
22 Ibid., p. 186.
23 M. Gorbačov and Z. Mlynář, Reformátoři NebývajíŠtˇastni, p. 69.
24 E. Pryce-Jones, The War That Never Was, p. 307.
25 Gorbachëv, Izbrannye stat’i i rechi, vol. 4, p. 278.
26 Ibid., vol. 7, pp. 150–75.
24 Imploding Imperium (1989)
1 M. S. Gorbachëv, Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 1, p. 334.
2 A. Smith, ‘Foreign Trade’, p. 138.
3 P. Hanson, ‘The Economy’, p. 99.
4 G. Schröder, ‘Soviet consumption in the 1980s’, p. 97.
5 G. Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody, p. 216.
6 Schröder, ‘Soviet consumption in the 1980s’, p. 93.
7 S. White, After Gorbachev, p. 127.
8 E. C. Cook, ‘Agriculture’s role in the Soviet economic crisis’, p. 197.
9 A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p. 144.
10 J. Channon, ‘The privatisation of Russian Agriculture’.
11 D. Filtzer, Soviet Workers and the Collapse of Perestroika, pp. 94–101.
12 N. Ryzhkov, Perestroika, p. 297.
13 Ibid., p. 301.
14 White, After Gorbachev, p. 52.
15 Ibid., pp. 52–3.
16 Pravda, 28 May 1989.
17 Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, pp. 264–7.
18 G. A. Hosking, P. J. S. Duncan and J. Aves, The Road to Post-Communism, pp. 19–20, 76–7.