19 Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p. 6.
20 V. A. Tishkov, ‘Assembleya natsii ili soyuznyi parlament?’, pp. 3–18; M. Buttino, ‘La fine dell’Unione Sovietica’, pp. 11–13.
21 Ryzhkov, Perestroika, pp. 90–92.
22 See the note by Brown, The Gorbachev Factor, p. 321.
23 A. S. Chernyaev, Shest’ let, p. 251.
25 Hail and Farewell (1990–1991)
1 A. S. Chernyaev, Shest’ let, p. 319.
2 Ibid., p. 356.
3 I owe this point to Peter Duncan.
4 Pravda, 5 February 1990.
5 ITsKKPSS, no. 4 (1990), p. 61.
6 Chernyaev, Shest’ let, p. 278.
7 L. Sukhanov, Tri Goda s Yeltsinym, pp. 119–20.
8 Narodnoe khozyaistvo v 1990 g., p. 348.
9 Pravda, 14 December 1989.
10 See G. A. Hosking, P. J. S. Duncan and J. Aves, The Road to Post-Communism, pp. 45– 6.
11 Chernyaev, Shest’ let, p. 442; Vadim Medvedev, V komande Gorbachëva, p. 185.
12 Soyuz mozhno bylo sokhranit’, p. 111.
13 A. Smith, Russia and the World Economy, pp. 118–19.
14 V. Stepankov and Ye. Lisov, Kremlëvskii zagovor, p. 79.
15 Sovetskaya Rossiya, 23 July 1991.
16 There was a masculine undertone to the appeal, which was addressed specifically to ‘Brothers’: see ibid. Even Stalin had made his appeal to ‘Brothers and Sisters’ in 1941.
17 Significantly, Judaism went unmentioned.
18 Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlëvskii zagovor, p. 14; M. S. Gorbachev, The August Coup, p. 23.
19 Smert’ zagovora. Belaya kniga, pp. 5– 7.
20 B. Yeltsin, The View from the Kremlin, p. 58.
21 Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlëvskii zagovor, p. 152.
22 Ibid., p. 165.
23 Ibid., pp. 180, 184.
24 Ibid., p. 209.
25 Ibid.
26 Izvestiya, 6 September 1991.
27 B. Yeltsin, Against the Grain. An Autobiography, p. 15.
28 Ibid., p. 22.
29 Ibid., pp. 96– 7.
30 Ibid., pp. 55– 6.
31 Yeltsin, The View from the Kremlin, p. 192.
32 G. Shakhnazarov, Tsena svobody, p. 297.
33 Izvestiya, 19 October 1991.
34 Pravda, 27 November 1991.
35 Yeltsin, The View from the Kremlin, p. 116.
36 M. S. Gorbachëv, Dekabr’-91. Moya pozitsiya, pp. 119–20.
26 Power and the Market (1992–1993)
1 A. Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy, p. 188.
2 R. Service, ‘Boris Yeltsin: Politics and Rhetoric’.
3 Ibid.
4 Ibid.
5 V. Bakatin, Izbavlenie ot KGB, p. 199.
6 Reported by J. Lloyd, Financial Times, 19 December 1991.
7 Interview with E. A. Ryazanov, Moscow Channel One TV: 16 November 1994. I am grateful to Lindsey Hughes for bringing this to my notice.
8 R. Service, ‘Boris El’cin: continuità e mutamento di un rivoluzionario democratico’, pp. 41–54.
9 V. A. Mau, Ekonomika i vlast’, p. 92.
10 Ibid., pp. 47–8.
11 Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy, pp. 235–6, 251, 256.
12 R. Sakwa, Russian Politics and Society, p. 57.
13 Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy, p. 141.
14 Ye. Gaidar, Gosudarstvo i evolyutsiya, p. 164.
15 Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy, p. 278.
16 J. Channon, Agrarian Reforms in Russia, 1992–1995, p. 4.
17 Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy, p. 278.
18 Ibid., p. 184.
19 R. Kaiser, The Geography of Nationalism, p. 161.
20 J. Lester, Modern Tsars and Princes. The Struggle for Hegemony in Russia, pp. 65–7.
21 Rossiiskaya gazeta, 3 April 1992, pp. 1–2.
22 B. Yeltsin, The View from the Kremlin, p. 236.
23 Programma partii Liberal’no-demokraticheskoi partii, p. 1.
24 Rossiiskaya gazeta, 6 May 1993.
25 Yeltsin, The View from the Kremlin, p. 244.
26 B. Clarke, An Empire’s New Clothes, pp. 234, 240.
27 Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy, p. 198.
28 This is admitted by Yeltsin in The View from the Kremlin, p. 255.
29 Ibid., p. 278.
30 Aslund, How Russia Became a Market Economy, p. 284.
31 Ibid., p. 273.
32 Ibid., p. 278.
27 The Lowering of Expectations (1994–1999)
1 R. Service, Russia: Experiment with a People, pp. 113–14.
2 NG-Stsenarii, January 2000.
3 A. Korzhakov, Boris Yel’tsin: ot rassveta do zakata, pp. 210–12.
4 R. Service, Russia: Experiment with a People, pp. 183–5.
5 B. Yeltsin, Midnight Diaries, p. 25.
6 A. Lieven, Chechnya. Tombstone of Russian Power, p. 176.
7 P. Chaisty, Legislative Politics and Economic Power, p. 101.
8 Ibid., p. 120.
9 Lieven, Chechnya, pp. 58–60.
10 Sotsial’noe polozhenie i uroven’ zhizni naseleniya Rossii, pp. 138–9 and 305. See also J. Eatwell et al., Transformation and Integration: Shaping the Future of Central and Eastern Europe, pp. 73 and 76.
11 C. Freeland, Sale of the Century, pp. 166–8.
12 G. Zyuganov, Rossiya i sovremennyi mir, pp. 17–18.
13 O. Kryshtanovskaya and S. White, ‘From Soviet Nomenklatura to Russian Elite’.
14 L. M. Drobizheva, Asimmetrichnaya federatsiya, p. 17.
15 R. Service, Russia: Experiment with a People, p. 85.
16 B. Granville and P. Oppenheimer, Russia’s Post-Communist Economy, p. 19.
17 R. Service, Russia: Experiment with a People, p. 317.
18 J. Channon, Agrarian Reforms in Russia, 1992–1995, pp. 1–5.
19 R. Service, Russia: Experiment with a People, chapter 16.
20 ‘8200’: song from Kostroma, Mon Amour.
21 R. Marsh, Literature, History and Identity in Post-Soviet Russia, 1991– 2006, pp. 548–9.
22 R. Service, Russia: Experiment with a People, pp. 283–5.
23 B. Yeltsin, Midnight Diaries, 386–7.