203. “An Excerpt from the Transcript of the Meeting of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet No. 10/4c on June 23, 1942,” paragraph 325. Signed by Podobedov, Deputy Head of the First Special NKVD Department (document no. 5 in Appendix to Vavilov and Rokityansky, “Golgotha,” p. 842; document 125 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha, p. 524).
204. Document 127 in Rokityansky et al., Sud palacha, p. 525.
205. The Fourth Directorate, charged with “spying, terror and sabotage in the enemy’s rear,” was created out of the former Second Department of the NKVD on January 18, 1942 (Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka, pp. 32–33).
206. Speer, Albert, Infiltration, trans. Joachim Neugroschel (New York: Macmillan, 1981), pp. 190–193.
207. See a telegram from “Maxim” (Vasilii Zarubin, New York) to “Victor” (Pavel Fitin, Moscow), dated May 21, 1943 (The Venona Project; available at www.nsa.gov/docs/venona/docs/May43/21_May_1943_p2.gif).
208. Rossianov, “Iz istorii bor’by akademika D. N. Pryanishnikova,” p. 531.
209. Ibid.
210. Soyfer, Lysenko, p. 357.
211. Materials from Vavilov’s Investigation File, cited in ibid.
212. Materials from Karpechenko’s Investigation File cited in ibid.
213. Ibid.; Yeremina and Rokityansky, Rasstrel’nye spiski, p. 188.
214. Popovsky, The Vavilov Affair, p. 83.
215. Vavilov and Rokityansky, “Znaniya broshennye v ogon’,” p. 629.
216. Yeremina and Rokityansky, Rasstrel’nye spiski, p. 56.
217. Levitskaya and Lassan, “Materialy k biografii,” p. 114.
218. Ibid., p. 121.
219. The dates of death were given in the “Decision of the Change in the Decision on Canceling the Criminal Case,” signed by Senior Deputy Prosecutor of the City of Leningrad I. V. Katukov, dated March 29, 1989 and cited in Levitskaya and Lassan, “Materialy k biografii,” pp. 123–124.
220. Ibid., p. 115.
221. Ibid.
222. Soyfer, Lysenko, p. 357.
223. “The NKVD Structure on May 20, 1942” (document no. 27 in Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka, pp. 271–304).
224. Voloshin, S. V., “Iz vospominanii” [From the memoirs], in Okhotin and Roginsky, Zven’ya, vol. 1, pp. 45–46.
225. Albats, The State, p. 78.
226. Ibid., pp. 117–118.
227. Ibid., p. 78.
228. “An Informational Note from the Politisches Archiv des Auswartigen Amts (Bonn).” I am very thankful to Ms. Maria Keipert of this archive, who provided me with the information on German diplomats.
229. Zechlin’s Prisoner File (fond 541 at the Former Special Archive, now the Center of Keeping Historic-Documentary Collection, Moscow).
230. Ibid.
231. Documents nos. 161 and 173 in Stepashin, S. V., ed., Organy gosudarstvennoi bezopasnosti SSSR v Velikoi Otechestvennoi Voine [The USSR State Security Service During the Great Patriotic War] (Moscow: Kniga i Biznes, 1995), vol. 1, pp. 45–46, 70–73 (in Russian).
232. Berg, Acquired Traits, pp. 287–288.
233. Kuptsov, A. I., “In Memory of Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov” (Moscow, June 22, 1958). A manuscript cited in Popovsky, The Vavilov Affair, p. 171.
234. See Timofeev’s biography in Glass, B. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, Nikolai Vladimirovich, in F. L. Holmes, ed., Dictionary of Scientific Biographies (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1990), vol. 18. supp. 2; Vorontsov, N. N., ed., Nikolai Vladimirovich Timofeev-Ressovsky; Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya (1995); Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000).
235. Welt, Elly, Berlin Wild (New York: Viking, 1986), and Granin, Daniil, The Bison: A Novel About a Scientist Who Defied Stalin, trans. A. W. Bouis (New York: Doubleday, 1989).
236. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, N. W., K. C. Zimmer, and M. Delbrück, “Uber die Natur der Genmutation und der Genstructur,” Nachr. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen. Biologie 1 (13) (1935): 189–245. See also Perutz, “Physics and the Riddle of Life,” and Olby, The Path to the Double Helix, pp. 231 and 147.
237. Berg, R. L., “In defense of Timofeeff-Ressovsky,” Quarterly Review of Biology 65 (4) (1990): 457–479; Yakovlev, A. A., “Kto vy, doktor Timofeev?” [Who are you, Dr. Timofeev?], Vestnik Akademii Nauk 5 (1990): 133–134 (in Russian); Paul, D. B., and C. B. Krimbas, “Nikolai V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky,” Scientific American (February 1992): 86–92.
238. Sakanyan, E. S., “Lyubov’ i zashchta” [Love and defense], in Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), pp. 707–800.
239. See, for instance, Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, pp. 134–138; Bondarev, N. D., A. A. Keda, and N. V. Selezneva, “U istokov sovetskogo atomnogo proekta (novye arkhivnye materialy)” [At the beginning of the Soviet Atomic Project (new archival materials)], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 2 (1994): 116–119 (in Russian). Most of the documents on the project are reproduced in Ryabev, L. D., ed., Atomnyi proekt SSSR: Dokumenty i materialy. Tom II, Atomnaya bomba, 1945–1954, Kniga 1 [The Atomic Project in the USSR: Documents and Materials. Vol. 2, Atomic Bomb, 1945–1954, Part 1] (Moscow: Nauka, 1999) (in Russian).
240. See Volkogonov, Stalin, pp. 520–524.
241. See short biographies of all these individuals in Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, pp.447–452.
242. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka, pp. 35, 46.
243. Kokurin and Petrov, “NKVD-NKGB-SMERSH.”
244. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), p. 350.
245. “Osnovnye daty zhizni N. V. Timofeev-Ressovsky” [Main Dates of N. V. Timofeev-Ressovsky’s Life], in Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), pp. 819–822.
246. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), p. 350.
247. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1, p. 149.
248. The text of the note is partly cited in Goncharov, V. A., and V. V. Nekhotin, “Neizvestnoe ob izvestnom: Po materialam arkhivnogo sledstvennogo dela na N. V. Timofeeva-Ressovskogo” [Unknown information about known facts: materials from the archival Investigation File of N. V. Timofeev-Ressovsky], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 70 (3) (2000): 249–257 (in Russian).
249. A photo of the warrant is given in Goncharov and Nekhotin, “Neizvestnoe ob izvestnom,” p. 250.
250. Ivanov, V. I., “Net proroka v svoyom otechestve” [There is no prophet in his own country], Priroda 9 (1990): 71–77 (in Russian).
251. Goncharov and Nekhotin, “Neizvestnoe ob izvestnom,” pp. 250–251.
252. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), p. 355.
253. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn described the inhabitants of Cell 75 in The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1, pp. 597–605.
254. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka, p. 47.
255. Goncharov and Nekhotin, “Neizvestnoe ob izvestnom,” p. 252.