256. Excerpts from transcripts of interrogations are given in Goncharov and Nekhotin, “Neizvestnoe ob izvestnom,” pp. 253–255.
257. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), pp. 351–355.
258. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 1, p. 493.
259. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), p. 360.
260. Ibid., p. 351. For the presentation of events by the German scientists, see Riehl and Seitz, Stalin’s Captive, pp. 89–104.
261. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim (2000), p. 362.
262. Ibid., p. 351.
263. Document no. 50 in Ryabev, Atomnyi proekt SSSR, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 236–237.
264. Document no. 68 in ibid., pp. 305–306.
265. Smirnov, Systema ispravitel’no-trudovykh lagerei, pp. 180–181 and 473.
266. Ryabev, Atomnyi proekt SSSR, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 662.
267. Timofeev-Ressovsky, Vospominaniya (1995), pp. 323–341; Riehl and Seitz, Stalin’s Captive, pp. 121–132.
268. Ivanov, V. I., “Prirodookhrannye idei ‘Zubra’” [The environmental ideas of the “Bison”], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 12 (1992): 40–49 (in Russian).
269. Riehl and Seitz, Stalin’s Captive, p. 128.
270. Ibid.
271. Granin, The Bison, p. 2.
272. The title is a Russian proverb meaning one should not work in a field in which one is not competent.
273. Reproduced in Lysenko, Agrobiologiya, pp. 602–606.
274. The text of these lectures was published as a brochure Vnutrividovaya bor’ba u zhivotnykh i rastenii [Intraspecies Competition in Animals and Plants] (Moscow: Moscow University, 1947).
275. Manevich, “Takie byli vremena,” pt. 2.
276. Krementsov, Stalinist Science, pp. 150–151.
277. Ibid., pp. 151–152.
278. See, for instance, Mayr, Ernst, The Growth of Biological Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance (Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1982), pp. 478–479, 484, 491–493.
279. Polyansky, V., and A. Zelikman, “Moskovskaya konferentsiya po problemam darwinizma” [Moscow Conference on the Problems of Darwinism], Priroda 6 (1948): 85–87 (in Russian).
280. Ibid., p. 86.
281. Krementsov, Stalinist Science, p. 153.
282. Ibid., p. 165.
283. Ibid.
284. Ibid., p. 168.
285. Ibid.
286. For details, see Medvedev, The Rise and Fall, pp. 103–140; Joravsky, The Lysenko Affair, pp. 97–143; Soyfer, Lysenko, pp. 183–204; Krementsov, Stalinist Science, pp. 158–190.
287. Rossianov, “Editing Nature.”
288. Ibid., pp. 732–738.
289. The translation of Lysenko’s speech in Zirkle, Death of a Science, pp. 99–101.
290. Ibid., pp. 112–113.
291. Ibid., pp. 129–130.
292. The English translation: Schmalhausen, Ivan I., Factors of Evolution: The Theory of Stabilizing Selection, trans. I. Doridick (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986).
293. In Zirkle, Death of a Science, pp. 151–154.
294. Lysenko, in ibid., p. 109.
295. Zirkle, Death of a Science, pp. 240–243.
296. Lysenko, The Situation in Biological Science, p. 332.
297. Ibid., p. 334.
298. Zirkle, Death of a Science, p. 249.
299. See the text of the letter in ibid., pp. 267–170. It is also given in Soyfer, Lysenko, pp. 190–191.
300. Soyfer, Lysenko, 250–251.
301. In Zirkle, Death of a Science, pp. 271–272.
302. The research activity of Sos Alikhannyan (1906–1985) started in 1932 at Moscow State University. His career is discussed in the text.
303. Polyansky and Zelikman, “Moskovskaya konferentsiya,” p. 86.
304. In Zirkle, Death of a Science, pp. 275–276.
305. Joravsky, The Lysenko Affair, pp. 221–223; Soyfer, Lysenko, pp. 156–157.
306. The text is in Zirkle, Death of a Science, pp. 273–275.
307. Soyfer, Lysenko, pp. 156–157.
308. Domaradsky, “Perevyortysh,” p. 59.
309. Manevich, “Takie byli vremena,” pt. 2. The text is in Zirkle, Death of a Science, pp. 283–285.
310. Resolution, August 26, 1948, the text is in ibid., pp. 285–290.
311. The text is in ibid., pp. 290–294.
312. Sonin, A. S., “Pechal’nyi yubilei odnov kampanii” [A sad jubilee of one of the campaigns], Vestnik Akademii Nauk 8 (1991): 96–106 (in Russian); Romanovsky, S. I, “Na puti k teoreticheskoi litologii (diskussiya 1950-kh godov)” [On the way to theoretical lithology (a discussion of the 1950s)], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 2 (1992): 28–37 (in Russian).
313. Sonin, A. S., “Soveshchanie, kotoroe ne sostoyalos’” [The meeting that did not take place], Priroda 3 (1990a): 97–102, 4 (1990b): 91–98, and 5 (1990c): 93–99 (in Russian).
314. Medvedev, The Rise and Fall, pp. 122–124.
315. Kovner, M. A., “Moi repressirovannye uchitelya” [My repressed teachers], Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 4 (1997): 113 (in Russian).
316. Manevich, “Takie byli vremena,” pt. 2.
317. Kaftanov, S., “V podderzhku michurinskoi biologii v vysshei shkole” [In support of Michurin’s biological theory in higher institutions of learning], Izvestya, September 8, 1948 (in Russian); translation in Zirkle, Death of a Science, pp. 294–300.
318. One of Timofeev-Ressovsky’s pupils, Nikolai Vorontsov (1934–2000) was a zoologist, geneticist, and evolutionist, the author of more than 550 scientific publications, a foreign member of the Swedish and American National Academies of Sciences. In 1989, he was appointed minister of the newly created USSR Nature Protection Ministry, which was disbanded after the fall of the USSR in 1991. Later, Vorontsov participated in several international actions of Greenpeace. Until his death in 2000, he headed a laboratory at the Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology in Moscow. I was on the staff of this laboratory in 1984 and from 1990 to 1998.
319. Vorontsov, N. N., “Current State of Evolutionary Theory in the USSR,” in Leonard Warren and Hilary Koprovski, eds., New Perspectives of Evolution (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1991), pp. 65–75.
320. Makhotin, A. A., “Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen (1884–1963),” Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 58 (2) (1964): 297–302 (in Russian).
321. Polyansky, Gody prozhitye, p. 136.
322. The English translation: Schmalhausen, Ivan I., The Origin of Terrestrial Vertebrates, trans. L. Kelso (New York: Academic Press, 1968).
323. Nasimovich, A. A., “Pamyati Aleksandra Nikolaevicha Formozova” [In memory of Aleksandr Nikolaevich Formozov], Bulletin Moskovskogo Obshchestva Ispytatelei Prirody, Otedelenie Biologicheskoe 80 (1) (1975): 5–18 (in Russian).
324. Medvedev, The Rise and Fall, pp. 126–127; Trubetskova, “Nauchnaya i pedagogicheskaya deyatelnost’.”