Charles Wheelan
THE RATIONING
A NOVEL
For the Americans who died during the Outbreak.
A Note on Sources
THIS BOOK IS COMPILED PRIMARILY FROM MY RECOLLECTIONS. I took notes in most of the important meetings. I kept a journal on those rare evenings when I had enough energy after leaving the White House to pen a few lines before collapsing into bed. To be honest, though, most of the salient events are so firmly implanted in my memory that they were not terribly hard to recall in vivid detail. As a scientist, I recognize that the mind can play tricks. Whenever possible I have verified my recollection of events with the principals who were in the room. My notes were helpful in reminding me of the exact sequencing of events. During our long, contentious, often meandering meetings, I made a habit of writing down who said what, sometimes quoting them directly.
I took detailed notes because it was obvious that we were all spectators to history. Taking notes also passed the time and helped ease my frustration. (I noticed that the Secretary of Defense was a chronic doodler; somewhere in the archives there must be hundreds of drawings of buff soldiers operating impressive armaments.) The point is that I was able to reconstruct the dialogue for this book, not always word-for-word, but close enough to evoke the spirit of the conversations.
For some of the public reaction outside of the Beltway, I have drawn heavily on Gregg Brockway’s series of articles in Vanity Fair that have rightfully become the definitive contemporaneous account of the nation’s reaction to what will forever be known as “the Outbreak.” Experts and historians will be parsing documents for decades, but no one will ever match Brockway’s reportorial eye. While the nation arguably lost its collective mind, Brockway captured the extraordinary details that will forever illustrate popular reaction to the crisis, from Hollywood to Wall Street to some of the most obscure hamlets in Appalachia. We all knew that we were living something scary and extraordinary; Brockway was the guy writing it down.
For the meetings I did not attend, I have either interviewed the principals or drawn on their published memoirs. In cases where recollections differ, or where there are gaps in the public record, I have used my firsthand knowledge of the people and their personalities to infer what most likely happened. I have made use of some contemporaneous news coverage. These sources are generally cited in the text. However, I feel compelled to point out that a shockingly high proportion of the news coverage at the time was inaccurate—not incomplete, or misleading, or oversimplified, but just plain wrong. As my story will tell, we in the White House were partially responsible for creating the information vacuum that allowed this kind of misinformation to take root. Still, that should not give anyone, particularly the New York Times and the Washington Post–USA Today, the right to fill that vacuum with “news” that was not even tenuously connected to the truth. Many of the alternative news sources, with a few notable exceptions, were worse than that.
The publication of this book was delayed by nearly eighteen months of legal wrangling, as my lawyers did battle with various parties, including the U.S. government. (I often worked through disagreements with my own lawyers over what it would be prudent for me to reveal.) In that time, two fortuitous things happened. First, the Outbreak Inquiry Commission—the body created by Congress to investigate the crisis from start to finish—released its report, including material from closed-door hearings that had never before been made public. Second, WikiLeaks produced a huge trove of State Department documents covering this period, giving me remarkable access to the diplomatic wrangling behind the scenes. I do not condone such leaks; I can say that in this instance they have enabled me to tell a more complete story.
This is not the first book on the Outbreak. It is the most accurate. I am not a brilliant writer, but I am a scientist who happened to be in the right place at the right time (or the wrong place at the wrong time, depending on your perspective). I was in nearly every important science-related meeting at the White House during the crisis and in many of the political ones, too. In fact, I had greater access to the full scope of events than the President, since he was often consumed by other affairs of state and generally did not participate in the scientific meetings.
I am not writing to settle scores. I am not writing to burnish my leadership credentials or to make myself viable for the Iowa caucuses. (Yes, that is why some of the other books were written, and it explains why they were so ridiculously inaccurate and self-serving.) I was there. I understood the science. I watched our political process deal with an unprecedented crisis. This is what happened. It is not my story; it is our story.
PART 1
RUNNING THE YELLOW
1.
WAREHOUSE 61 IS AT THE END OF A LOADING DOCK in the Port of Long Beach. Sometime between midnight and two a.m. on March 21, it caught fire. For reasons that may never be clear (given that it was a very warm night), a homeless man had set a small blaze in an oil drum near the truck entrance to Warehouse 61. The fire somehow spread to a pool of motor oil, setting ablaze the warehouse and several small maintenance buildings. No one was injured except for the homeless man, who was treated for burns at a Los Angeles hospital. The Long Beach Fire Department responded and put out the fire after several hours.
Warehouse 61 is owned and operated by the U.S. government. It is used to store materials coming and going across the Pacific, everything from sophisticated research equipment to school supplies for students in Guam. On March 21, the warehouse also held fourteen chimpanzees, which were being shipped from a government research facility in Hawaii to a private laboratory at Stanford. Thirteen of the fourteen chimps were killed in the fire; the fourteenth, a female named Bobo, was rescued by firefighters. Bobo became the story. Protesters descended on Los Angeles and Long Beach to protest animal experiments by the U.S. government. The President of the United States, the head of the National Institutes of Health, the President of Stanford, and assorted other officials were called upon to explain the necessity of doing research on primates, and, more immediately, why these particular chimps had been left unattended overnight in a warehouse.
Meanwhile, Bobo clung to life. She was attended to by a team of veterinarians, as well as several prominent burn specialists for humans. Money poured in for Bobo’s treatment. By the time she regained consciousness several days later, still with serious burns and at high risk of infection, over $25 million had been collected to pay Bobo’s bills. This prompted a wave of counterprotests by those Americans, myself included, who found it perplexing, if not absurd, that our fellow citizens lavished money on a burned chimp only six months after repealing (once again) the health care coverage for fifty million Americans. The health care debate became even more pitched when it was disclosed that the homeless man burned in the fire, who had third-degree burns over 20 percent of his body, had been quietly turned out of a Los Angeles hospital because he could not pay his bills. This left him at serious risk of infection, and the police without the only witness to the start of the fire. The homeless man would never show up again. Doctors and talking heads tweeted aggressively about who had been more seriously injured, Bobo or the homeless man. For three days, Home Depot Media made Bobo the feature story on all of its receipts and coupons.