29 Pat Towell, “With Summit Near, Senate Debates INF Treaty,” Congressional Quarterly, May 21, 1988, 1357.
30 Janet Hook, “Just in Time for Moscow Summit: Senate Votes 93-5 to Approve Ratification of the INF Treaty,” Congressional Quarterly, May 28, 1988, 1431.
Chapter 8: The Not-So-Evil Empire
1 Ronald Reagan, The Reagan Diaries (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 612-13.
2 George Will, “Détente, Reagan Style,” Washington Post, May 26, 1988, A-21; George Will, “Foreign Policy That Bewilders,” Washington Post, May 29, 1988, C-7.
3 Author interview with George Shultz, February 16, 2005; Jack F. Matlock, Jr., Reagan and Gorbachev (New York: Random House, 2004), 296-7.
4 Colin Powell, My American Journey (New York: Ballantine Books, 1995), 365; Nancy Reagan, My Turn (New York: Random House, 1989), 301.
5 Author interview with Rudolf Perina, May 18, 2005; author interview with Richard Solomon, January 21, 2005.
6 Memorandum of Conversation, The President’s First One-on-One Meeting with General Secretary Gorbachev, May 29, 1988, in White House Staff and Office Files, Fritz Ermarth, Boxes 92084-5, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
7 Author’s Perina interview; Reagan Diaries, 612.
8 Memorandum of Conversation, May 29, 1988.
9 Author’s Perina interview; author interview with Thomas Simons, May 17, 2006, and e-mail exchange, December 7, 2007.
10 Don Oberdorfer, The Two Koreas (New York: Basic Books, 2001), 107.
11 Jim Kuhn, Ronald Reagan in Private (New York: Sentinel Books, 2004), 240-42.
12 Pavel Palazchenko, My Years with Gorbachev and Shevardnadze (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 92-93.
13 Transcripts of Reagan remarks at Danilov Monastery, May 30, 1988; at luncheon hosted by artists May 31, 1988; and at Spaso House, May 30, 1988, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
14 Transcript of Reagan remarks at Moscow State University, May 31, 1988.
15 Memorandum of Conversation, First Plenary Meeting, May 30, 1988, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
16 Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs (New York: Doubleday, 1995), 454.
17 Memorandum of Conversation, Second Plenary Meeting, June 1, 1988, Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
18 Author interview with Frank Carlucci, January 19, 2005.
19 Memorandum of Conversation, Second Plenary Meeting.
20 Powell, My American Journey, 367.
21 Author interview with Rozanne Ridgway, June 20, 2005; author’s Carlucci interview.
22 Author’s Perina interview.
23 Memorandum of Conversation, President’s Second One-on-One Meeting with General Secretary Gorbachev, May 31, 1988.
24 Ibid.
25 Author’s Thomas Simons interview.
26 ABC News Transcript, World News Tonight, May 31, 1988; Transcript of President’s News Conference, June 2, 1988.
27 Jack F. Matlock, Jr., Autopsy on an Empire, (New York: Random House, 1995), 124-25.
28 Gorbachev, Memoirs, 457.
29 Kiron K. Skinner, Annelise Anderson, and Martin Anderson, eds, Reagan: A Life in Letters (New York: Free Press, 2004), 387.
Chapter 9: Bush v. Reagan
1 David Hoffman, “Bush Denies Soviets Have Changed,” Washington Post, June 8, 1988, A9.
2 Memoranda of Conversations, First and Second One-on-One Meetings with General Secretary Gorbachev, May 29 and 31, 1988, in Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.
3 David S. Broder, “Nomination Is Won, Dukakis Declares,” Washington Post, June 8, 1988, A1.
4 Anatoly Dobrynin, In Confidence, (New York: Times Books, 1995), 535- 36, 586-87.
5 Author interview with Rozanne Ridgway, June 20, 2005.
6 Jack F. Matlock, Jr., Reagan and Gorbachev (New York: Random House, 2004), 306; Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993), 9.
7 Author interview with Helmut Kohl, September 27, 2007.
8 Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs (New York: Doubleday, 1995), 518; Maynard Parker, “Kohl to Reagan: Ron, Be Patient,” Newsweek, October 27, 1986, 25.
9 Author’s Kohl interview; author’s interview with Horst Teltschik, October 5, 2005.
10 Anatoly S. Chernyaev, My Six Years With Gorbachev (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2000), 199-200; Gorbachev, Memoirs, pp. 518-20.
11 Ronald Reagan, The Reagan Diaries (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 653.
12 Transcript of First Bush-Dukakis Presidential Debate, September 25, 1988, Commission on Presidential Debates.
13 Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), 443-47; Michael Gordon, “CIA Aide Sees Soviet Economy Failing to Gain,” New York Times, October 15, 1988, A-1.
Chapter 10: The Wall Will Stand for “100 Years”
1 Colin Powell, An American Journey (New York: Ballantine Books, 1995), 377-78; George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), 3.
2 Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs (New York: Doubleday, 1995), 459-60.
3 Text of Mikhail Gorbachev Speech to the United Nations, December 7, 1988, in Vital Speeches of the Day, vol. 55, February 1, 1989, 229-36.
4 Author interview with Thomas Simons, May 17, 2006.
5 The Ronald Reagan Diaries, (New York: HarperCollins, 2007), 675.
6 Gorbachev, Memoirs, p. 463.
7 Author interview with Rozanne Ridgway, June 20, 2005.
8 For a full account of this episode, see Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1993), 13-15, 19-20. See also Bush and Scowcroft, 16-18.
9 Author’s Simons interview.
10 ADN news agency transcript of speech by Erich Honecker to Thomas Muenster Committee, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, January 19, 1989.
11 Leslie Colitt, “More Flee From East Germany,” Financial Times, January 6, 1989, 2.
12 ADN news agency text, New Year’s Address by Erich Honecker, BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, January 4, 1989.
13 “Hungarians Confirm Tank Withdrawal,” Financial Times, Jan. 26, 1989, 2; Robert J. McCartney, “East Germany to Reduce Its Armed Forces,” Washington Post, January 24, 1989, A1.
14 Author interview with John McLaughlin, March 8, 2005.
15 Interviews with Kenneth Duberstein, July 11, 2002, and June 24, 2005. North was subsequently convicted, but his conviction was overturned on appeal and the charges against him were dismissed.
16 Reagan Diaries, 675.
17 Duberstein interview; Powell, An American Journey, p. 382; Jim Kuhn, Ronald Reagan in Private (New York: Sentinel, 2004), 268.
18 NBC News Transcripts, January 22, 1989.
19 Author interview with Brent Scowcroft, May 26, 2006.