sauropsids 252–3, 253
Scheele, Carl Wilhelm 102
Schweitzer, Mary 126–7
science
achievement of 413, 418–19
benefits of 17
distrust of 15–16, 371–2
evidence-based 42
invention of 338
key to conducting 188
limitations of 367
papers-as-currency landscape 191–2
progress 4, 57
strength of 33
trust in 22–3
use of 16–17
scientific consensus 188–95
scientific culture 192
scientific dead ends 8
scientific insights 8
scientific journals 189
scientific method 23, 58, 103, 143–4, 188, 371, 372–3, 421
data collection 43–4
evidence 32, 32–44, 44
experimentation 25–8, 47, 421
hypothesizing 24–32, 47, 413
knowledge creation 22
mathematical modelling 47–55
observation 20, 23–4, 44, 56
questions 23–4
statistical analysis 44–7
trial and error 81
scientific papers 188–92
scientific writing 188–95
scientists, communication 188, 188–95
seafaring 314
second law of thermodynamics 376–7
security 336
self, sense of 262
senses 254, 258, 265, 270–1, 273
Serbia, Lepenski Vir 332
sex 183
sexual reproduction 241–2, 242
sexual selection 219, 222, 227, 237, 258
sharks, fear of 356–8
Sheldon, Ben 289, 289–92, 291
shooting stars 166
Siberian Traps 165–6, 251
silver birch 29, 31
single-point mutations 230
singularity, the 63–4, 86, 88, 390
six degrees of separation 276
sleep 268
smartphones 8
smell 271
Smith, Doug 50
smoking 343, 352–3, 417
Soay sheep 225–6
social bonds 288
social complexity 303
social cooperation 301
social hierarchies 302
social media 288
social networks 276, 311
social structure 335–6
sodium 94, 121
sodium chloride 118–19
solar panels 8
solar system 63, 130, 135, 394
age 92
formation 129, 135, 137
formation of the planets 145
Grand Tack hypothesis 147–8
habitable zone 147, 148–9
history of 137–41
life in 149–50, 395
liquid water in 149–50
mass distribution 139
moons 395
position in the Milky Way 137–8, 138
typical or atypical 140–1
solar winds 156–7
soma 274
Southern Lights 157
space 85
and gravity 81–2
structure 68–9
and time 81
space rock terminology 140
space telescopes 42–3
spears 326
special relativity, theory of 79
species 36
characteristics 221
classification 216
evolution of new 214
number of 213
relationship between 217–18
variety 221
speed, time and 79–81
speed limit 79
splitting the atom 16
sponges 293
Sri Lanka 326
Standard Model of particle physics 48, 55
Standard Model, the 76–7, 84, 104
absence of gravity 78, 84
accuracy 78
equation 76
parts 76–7
star formation 134–5, 136–7, 374
star systems 130–1
distances between 130–2
orbits 139
planets 137
star-forming nurseries 136–7
stars 63, 70
atmosphere 155–6
closest 139
death of 91–2, 94
distances between 130–2
first generation 393
formation of first 90–1
fusion 91
habitable zone 147, 148–9
helium core 91
number of 130–1, 418
statistical approach 343
statistics and statistical analysis 44–7, 366–7
steady state universe 62
stochastic behaviour, fundamental particles 381–3
stochastic universe 2, 382, 388–9, 403, 417
rerun experiment 392–403
stochasticity 379–80, 382, 383–4, 403
stories 22
story-telling 412
strange quarks 74–5
stratosphere, the 150–1
string theory 68–9, 84, 392
stromatolites 172–3, 208
strong nuclear force 64, 67, 71–2, 84, 86, 104, 134, 391
Sturtian glaciation 164
subatomic particles, detection 7
suffering 407, 411
sugars 124
sulphuric acid 121
Sumatra 33–5
sun 130, 394
atmosphere 155–6
corona 156
death of 91–2
diameter 139
formation 139
gravitational pull 81–2
mass 139
neutrino emissions 73–4
surface temperature 156
supernovae 92, 136–7
Surrey, University of 383
survival chances 222
symbolic thought 320
synapsids 251–2, 252–3
Tagish Lake meteorite 197
Tamisiocaris borealis 248
Tapinocephalus 252, 253
taxes 336
technology and technological advances 8, 10, 55–6, 298, 311, 325–8, 330, 333–4, 401, 402
temples 335
Thales of Miletus 19, 43
Theia 8, 146, 158, 196
theory of everything 7, 84–5
thermodynamics, three laws of 376–7
thermosphere, the 151, 157
Thomson, J. J. 103
tidal forces 146, 200
time
and gravity 81–2
and knowledge 20–2
relative 80
and space 81
speed and 79–81
time dilation 80
TON618 137
tools and tool use 303, 310–11, 312–13, 314, 318–19
trade 332, 333–4
traumatic events 360
tree location 25–32
tree of life 219, 220–1, 228, 233, 237, 244
trial and error 81
tritium 65
troposphere, the 150, 151
Tunguska event 166–7
two-slit experiment 106–12, 112, 381, 382–3
Tyrannosaurus rex 21, 126–7, 219, 233, 253
ultraviolet light 87
unbound electrons 72
universal truths 418
universe
age 135
birth of 70, 389–90
cooling 70
density 112
edge of 90
expansion 89–90
history of 85–93
just right 391
observable 61, 89, 90
rate of expansion 83, 86, 89–90
rerun experiment 1–3, 392–403, 417, 420
scale 62–3, 88–9
size 60–1, 62–3
start of 5–6
temperature 70
through time 9
unobservable 89–90
unobservable universe, the 89–90
‘The Unsuccessful Self-Treatment of a Case of “Writer’s Block” ’, (Upper) 191
up quarks 70, 71, 74
Upper, David, ‘The Unsuccessful Self-Treatment of a Case of “Writer’s Block” ’ 191
upright walking 307–8
Uranus 145
Venus
atmosphere 153, 163, 415
crust 160
day 152, 394
formation 145
temperature 152–3
villages, first appearance 334
Virgo supercluster 135
virtual particles 68, 69, 70, 71
virtual photons 73
viruses 203–5, 230–1
visible light 87
volatile chemicals 94
volcanic activity 165–6, 396
volcanic ocean vents 200
Voyager 1 130
W bosons 72, 75
war 332
water 66
covalent bonds 119, 119–20
electric charge 120
ice 120
liquid 148, 149–50
states 105, 150
wave function 107–10, 381
aligned 110–11
collapse 110, 382–3
electrons 113–15, 115
wavelengths 110
wave-particle duality 106–12, 112
Wayne, Bob 53
weak nuclear force 64–5, 67, 72, 84, 87, 91, 104, 134, 391
Wengrow, David 305
William of Ockham 57
wolves 50–5, 226, 254, 302
woman X 35–42, 43–4
Woofler 171, 173, 180, 194–5, 213, 221, 222, 226, 267, 270, 296, 301
work, sense of fulfilment in 289–92
Wow! signal 131–2
X chromosome 182–3
Xenophanes of Colophon 234
X-rays 87
Y chromosome 182
Yellowstone National Park 50–5, 208, 226
York, University of 12, 141, 364–5