ski — ski-ika pi — pi-ika.
It should be reminded that the ending -ika is unstressed.
On the whole, one can regard this suffix as an equivalent of "kosa" (thing) or "koysa" (something). Thus the suffix -(i)ka is polysemantic, the exact meaning of a word following from the context. In order to be more precise, one can use the suffixes -er (tool, device), -tura (stresses the result, product of action), or -wat (indicates the object of action).
The suffix -tura denotes an end result/product of action:
produkti to produce — produktura produce, output
mixi to mix - mixitura mixture
solvi to dissolve — solvitura solution
texi to weave - texitura fabric, tissue
sekwi to follow - sekwitura consequence
derivi to derive — derivitura derivative
shwo to say — shwotura saying.
Derivation: just added to a verb, however -titura=> -tura, -ditura=> -dura. NB: In some words like 'temperatura', 'natura' 'tura' is not a suffix.
The suffix -wat denotes object of action: pi to drink — piwat beverage chi to eat — chiwat food, eaten things rosti to roast — rostiwat roast (meat) sendi to send — sendiwat something sent konteni to contain — konteniwat contents.
Derivation: just added to a verb.
One can distinguish between mixiwat (smth mixed, an ingredient) and mixitura (mixture, a result of mixing), solviwat (dissolved thing) and solvitura (resulting solution).
The suffixes of doer and tool
The suffix -er means both doer (person) and tool/ device/appliance. When added to a verb, the final -i of the verb is dropped (except for the monosyllabic verbs ending in -i). When added to a noun, the final -a of the noun is dropped. In other cases -er is just added:
kapti to capture — kapter trap or trapper vendi to sell — vender seller
kondukti to conduct (heat etc.) — kondukter conductor
zwo to do — zwoer doer
shwo to speak — shwoer speaker
ofni to open — ofner opener
banka bank — banker banker
ski to ski — skier skier
politika politics — politiker politician
milka milk, milki to milk — milker milker (person or device)
astronomia astronomy — astronomier astronomer
historia history — historier historian plei play — pleierplayer (person or device) milion million — milioner millionaire yuwel jewel — yuweler jeweller.
To specify the meaning of doer, the suffix -sha may be used which is derived from the active
participle marker -she; it is used only with verbs:
milki to milk — milki-sha milker (person)
plei to play — plei-shaplayer (person)
lekti to read — lekti-sha reader (person) (lekter is a device)
kapti to catch — kapti-sha catcher.
To specify the meaning of tool/ device/appliance, one may use the suffixes -(i)ka (see above) or
compound words with «tul» («tool, instrument»):
ofni to open — ofnika opener
plei play — pleika toy, plaything
vinti to screw — vintitul screwdriver
komuniki to communicate — komunikitul means of communication.
The suffix -ista denotes a person in relation to a certain doctrine ('ism') or profession: komunista communist, metodista methodist, dentista dentist, artista artist, spesialista specialist. This suffix is basically applied to other nouns.
The words ending in -or, -ator.
LdP also imports common European words ending in -or, -ator which mean either doer or tooclass="underline" kalkulator calculator, ventilator ventilator, aktor actor, direktor director, profesorprofessor.
NB: Not every word meaning a tool must have a suffix. Many verbs are derived from tool-nouns: hamri to hammer from hamra hammer.
"Yuan" means "employee, worker, organization member": kafeeyuan cafe worker; partiayuan party member; polisyuan policeman; koalisionyuan coalition member.
Particles NEY, SHE and their derivatives
ney - genitive particle; modifier-making particle; with verbs denotes passive participle; makes ordinal numerals. Ex.:
mata mother — mata-ney klaida mother's clothes Jen man/woman — jen-ney human rude-fas-ney jen — red-faced person gran-oko-ney gela — big-eyed girl yu-oli-ney idea — the ideas of all of you vidi to see — vidi-ney seen tri-ney — third.
nem - the adverbial form from -ney:
parta-ney partial — parta-nem partially, partly
un-ney first — un-nem at first, firstly
ofensi-ney offended, resentful — ofensi-nem resentfully.
she - active participle marker:
ahfi to hide, conceal — ahfi-she hiding respekti to respect — respekti-she respecting.
shem - the adverbial form from -she:
respekti-she respecting — respekti-shem in respecting way, respectfully ahfi-she hiding — ahfi-shem stealthily.
sha - suffix of doer:
milki to milk — milki-sha milker (person) kapti to catch — kapti-sha catcher kan to look — kan-sha onlooker, viewer.
Compound words with jen, man, gina
auslanda foreign countries - auslandajen foreigner — auslandagina female foreigner — auslandaman male foreigner
samtaimjen contemporary — samtaimgina female contemporary — samtaimman male contemporary
jadu sorcery — jadujen sorcerer/sorceress — jadugina sorceress, witch — jaduman sorcerer lao old — laojen old person — laogina old woman — laoman old man